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Define the following terms: inflow performance curve, outflow performance curve, system graph, solution node
Casing
Annulus head pressure (AHP) Tubing flow control valve Tubing head Pressure (THP)
If Pbh < Pres fluid will flow from the reservoir > well
Pressure difference between reservoir > well Known as the drawdown
Pbh
Pres
Note: BHP is the more common acronym for Bottom Hole Pressure
There will be a pressure difference (Hydrostatic Head) between two points in a static fluid column. dP = Density of fluid (psi / ft) height between points (ft)
SITHP = Pressure - Fluid column hydrostat head For flowing well simulations:
Depth
Pbh
Pres
D e p t h
Pbh
Pres
Pbh = Pres
Once the well starts to flow the pressure difference between the wellhead and the bottom hole will not be constant. It changes due to: Fluid friction ( a function of rate) Free gas fraction function of pressure / temp)
D e p t h
(a
Pbh
Pres
Pbh
Pres
Q1 2
Pressure Q1 Rate 2 3
Flow Rate Absolute Permeability Relative Permeability Viscosity Net Pay Thickness Drainage Area
PRes
FBHP
Rate
FBHP
IPR
Rate
Depth
Q1 2 3 Pressure Q1 Rate 2 3
We can predict a different set of FBHPs We can then plot FBHP vs rate, and get a new tubing performance curve.
5 1/2 tubing
P Res
FBHP
IPR
PRODUCTION BENEFIT FROM INCREASING TUBING SIZE
Q (3 1/2)
Q (5 1/2)
Rate
FBHP
Rate
Summary
Nodal Analysis Basic Concepts
Wells flow in the direction of reducing pressure Q = P x PI
Critical to understand reservoir and well pressure gradients Affected by rate, pressure and temperature Well flow performance is depicted on inflow / out flow plots
Horizontal permeability
Vertical permeability Drilling fluid damage Viscosity
References
1. Mach, Joe, Proano, Eduardo, and Brown, Kermit E.: "A Nodal Approach for Applying Systems Analysis to the Flowing and Artificial Lift Oil or Gas Well," paper SPE 8025, 1979.