Practical Audio Experiments using the TMS320C5505 USB Stick

Sine Waves
Texas Instruments University Programme Teaching Materials

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Sine Waves

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Chapter 4 - Slide 2

Introduction
DSP can be used to generate sine waves Sine waves can be used in audio to:
Generate musical tones and complex waveforms Generate tones for touch phones (DTMF) Modulate audio signals (alien voices) Control audio effects (chorus/phasing/flanging).

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Chapter 4 - Slide 3

Objectives
To generate sine waves from 10Hz to 16000Hz. To introduce the Texas Instruments library of DSP functions DSPLIB.

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Chapter 4 - Slide 4

Knowledge Required
Some understanding of fixed-point and floating-point numbers is required.

Details of two useful articles from www.cnx.org are given in the References Section.

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Chapter 4 - Slide 5

Sine Wave and FFT

A sine wave is a pure tone. It only contains one frequency:

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Chapter 4 - Slide 6

Complex Waveform and FFT

A complex waveform has several frequency components:

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Chapter 4 - Slide 7

Generating Sine Waves

There are 3 main ways to generate sine waves:
Look-up Table Recursive Equation Taylor Expansion.

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Chapter 4 - Slide 8

Look-up Table
This is the simplest way to generate a sine wave. Put known values into a table:

Values are read using an offset e.g. sinetable[3];

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Chapter 4 - Slide 9

About Look-up Tables

Advantages: Fast to implement Values are always accurate

Disadvantages:
Can only be used for exact divisions of sampling frequency.

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Chapter 4 - Slide 10

Recursive Equation
Uses the following mathematical equation:

y ( n) sin T .z 1 H ( z) x(n) 1 2 cosT .z 1 z 2

The next sine output is derived from the previous values We shall look at this in more detail in Chapter 7, Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filters.

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Chapter 4 - Slide 11

Taylor Series
A sine function can be implemented as a geometric series:

x x x sin( x) x 3! 5! 7!
where

x is the input in radians.

This method is used by the Texas Instruments DSP Library DSPLIB.

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Chapter 4 - Slide 12

About Taylor Series

Advantages: Can generate any frequency Disadvantages: Not as accurate as look-up table because there are rounding errors Care needs to be taken to avoid overflow during multiplications.

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Chapter 4 - Slide 13

C Code Implementation

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Chapter 4 - Slide 14

Sine Function in C
As standard, C comes with the function sin(x) in math.h.

This uses floating-point maths.

It is not efficient for real-time applications. A better way is to use DSPLIB.

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Chapter 4 - Slide 15

Introducing DSPLIB

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Chapter 4 - Slide 16

About DSPLIB
Texas Instruments provides a library containing a whole range of useful functions used in DSP:

Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)

Sine, Cosine and Tangent Exponentials and logs. Each function is optimised for the processor, in this case the TMS320C55xx.

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Chapter 4 - Slide 17

DSP LIB Headers

When using DSPLIB, you need to add the two following #include statements to your code:

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Chapter 4 - Slide 18

DSPLIB Library
The library file 55xdsph.lib must be present in the build.

DSPLIB for TMS320C5505 USB Stick.

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DSPLIB Sine Function

Is written in TMS320C55xx assembly language.

The function takes 3 parameters:

Parameter 1. Address of location containing the frequency Parameter 2. Address of location to store calculated sine

Parameter 3. Always 1.

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Chapter 4 - Slide 20

Scaling the sine() function

Need to convert frequency in Hz to value for sine() function.

Use a scaling factor of 22368.

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Chapter 4 - Slide 21

Magic Numbers
Where did the magic number 22368 come from? The TMS320C5505 is a 16-bit fixed-point processor that uses:
32767 to represent 1.000 32767 to represent 1.000

Here 22368 represents 0.682 decimal. We shall now look at how this magic number was obtained.

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Chapter 4 - Slide 22

DSPLIB sine() function

The DSPLIB function sine() calculates the sine of an angle.

The input to the function is a fixed-point number that represents an angle:

0 => 0o 16383 => 90o 32767 => 180o 2 * 32767 => 360o

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Chapter 4 - Slide 23

Sine 90o
To generate a waveform using 4 values we use:
sin 0o sin 90o sin 180o sin 270o.

If Fs = 48000 Hz, the frequency generated will be:

48000/4 = 12000 Hz.

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Chapter 4 - Slide 24

Sine 45o
To generate a waveform using 8 value use:
sin 0o sin 45o sin 90o sin 135o etc.

If Fs = 48000 Hz, the frequency generated will be:

48000/8 = 6000 Hz.

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Chapter 4 - Slide 25

Generate 1 Hz Sine Wave

To generate a 1 Hz sine wave we work backwards:
48000/value = 1 Hz value = 1/48000

There corresponding angle will be:

360o/48000 = 0.0075o

To implement a 1 Hz sine wave we use: 0 , 0.0075 , 0.015 , 0.0225 , 0.030 etc.

o o o o o

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Chapter 4 - Slide 26

Fixed-Point Implementation
For 1 Hz we require each angle to be multiples of:
360o/48000 = 0.0075o

For 1 Hz using fixed-point using DSPLIB we require:

2 * 32767 / 48000

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Chapter 4 - Slide 27

Scaling Factor
We can use the value for 1 Hz as a scaling factor to calculate other frequencies:

SCALING FACTOR = 360o/48000 = 0.0075o

For 2 Hz:
2 * SCALING FACTOR = 2 * 360o/48000 = 0.015o

For 10 Hz:
10 * SCALING FACTOR = 10 * 360o/48000 = 0.075o

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Chapter 4 - Slide 28

Scaling Factor Calculation

The fixed-point scaling factor is:

32767 2* 48000
In fixed-point maths, to divide by 48000 is awkward

However, to divide by 32768 is easy because 32768 = 215

Example: To divide 3FFFFFFFh by 32768d shift right 15 places. Result = 7FFFh In C code, divide by 32768 is implemented as >> 15.
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Scaling Factor Calculation

The fixed-point scaling factor is derived as follows:

32767 22368 2* 2* 48000 32768

The divide by 32768 is implemented as >>15 Here 2/32768 is implemented as >>14. The scaling factor used is therefore 22368.

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Chapter 4 - Slide 30

Introduction to Laboratory

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Chapter 4 - Slide 31

USB Stick Setup TMS320C5505

USB to PC
USB Stick

Headphones

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Chapter 4 - Slide 32

Installing the Application

Use the code given in Application 4, Sine Waves Follow the steps previously given in Chapter 1 to set up the new project.

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Chapter 4 - Slide 33

Create New Project

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Chapter 4 - Slide 34

Files Used in Project

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Chapter 4 - Slide 35

Console
Sampling frequency and Gain are shown in the Console window.

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Chapter 4 - Slide 36

Experiments

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Chapter 4 - Slide 37

Change the Headphone Volume

Reduce gain from 10000 to 5000.

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Chapter 4 - Slide 38

Change the Frequencies

Rather than 200 Hz and 500 Hz, use two musical notes:

A = 440 Hz

C = 523 Hz

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Chapter 4 - Slide 39

Change the Sampling Frequency

Change the sampling frequency to 24000 Hz. The output frequencies will have changed. You will need to alter the scaling factor in sinewaves.c

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Chapter 4 - Slide 40

Questions
What are 3 ways to generate sine waves? Which method is best suited to the TMS320C5505 USB Stick? What are 3 applications of sine waves?

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Chapter 4 - Slide 41

References
TMS320C55xx DSP Library Programmers Reference. SPRU 422.

Digital Signal Processing with C and the TMS320C30 by Rulph Chassaing. ISBN 0-471-55780-3. www.cnx.org Fixed Point Arithmetic and Format (m10919) by Hyeokho Choi.
www.cnx.org Fixed Point Arithmetic (m11054) by Hyeokho Choi.
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Chapter 4 - Slide 42