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quality dry roughage given to the cattle (ruminants) as fillers because straw hardly has any feeding value highly deficient in minerals, vitamins, proteins DCP=0.0; TDN=48.3
Straw has Parietal carbohydrates in their cell wall The microbes in the rumen colonise the ingested feed particles The cellulolytic strains partially degrade (or hydrolyse) the cellulose and the hemicelluloses through using the enzyme, cellulase
The degradation of the cell walls requires the microbes to attach themselves to the feed particles so that the enzymes can penetrate inside the fibrous structures, hence the need for the microflora which secretes these enzymes. But wheat straw shows a high proportion of lignified walls, incrusted with lignin in a very complex manner
the lignified walls resist for a long time the microbial degradation and the peristatic mastication (of rumination) and they are thus only digested slowly.
In order for the cellulolytic fermentation process to be correctly carried out, the microorganisms in the rumen must be able to find
the nutritive elements which they need for self development and to enable them to degrade (through cellulolysis) the polysaccharides of the cell walls of the wheat straw
-------> 2 NH3 + CO2 urease urea +water ammonia+carbonic gas Once hydrolysis is completed one molecule of urea(i.e. 60 g) generates two molecules of ammonia (i.e. 34 g). 5 kg of urea thus allows production of 2.83 kg of ammonia.
CO (NH2)2 + H2O
Procedure(new method)
Weigh the required amount of urea (4% of straw) Mix it with double the amount of farm manure (as urease source) 30% moisture by adding water Putting this mixture in a bag, piling the straw on the bag, again moistening the straw with water (50% of straw)
Incubating this material for a month under the cover of plastic sheet or mud plaster.
It acts in just the same way on the vegetal matter as if anhydrous ammonia is used:
dissolving the parietal carbohydrates (mainly the hemicelluloses) swelling the vegetal matter in an aqueous environment, so easing access by the rumen's cellulolytic microorganisms
reducing the physical strength of the cells, so easing mastication by the animal and digestion by the microbes, enriching the forage in nitrogen, as is also the case if anhydrous ammonia is used.
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