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STEM

CELLS
Khushpreet Singh |
7050014
B Tech 4th year
Thapar University
STEM CELLS
•  They are characterized by the ability to renew themselves 
through mitotic cell division and differentiating into a diverse 
range of specialized cell types. 
• Research in the stem cell field grew out of findings by 
Canadian scientists Ernest A. McCulloch and James E. Till in 
the 1960s.
• The two broad types of mammalian stem cells are: embryonic 
stem cells that are isolated from the inner cell mass of 
blastocysts, and adult stem cells that are found in adult tissues 

EMBRYONIC CELLS
This photograph shows
the eye of a needle with
an embryo formed only
by
stem cells before cellular
First use
In 1998 stem cells were isolated
and cultivated for the first time in
the United States. Since then,
numerous laboratories in the world
have cultivated them. Because of
ethical questions that surround
work with embryonic cells, each
line is monitored through
official organizations.
Types of Stem Cells
• Embryonic

• Adult
Embryonic Stem Cells

• Taken from the morula


• Pluripotent (able to form
many types of
specialized cells)

A: Cell colonies that are not yet


differentiated.
Zygote vs. Morula
• Zygote— single fertilized cell (diploid
and totipotent)
*Totipotent cells-- cells that can form
any
type of human cell
• Morula— ball of cells formed as
zygote divides (pluripotent)
Zygote vs. Morula

Zygote (diploid cell, formed from two


haploid cells)
Morula— ball of cells formed as zygote
divides
Adult stem cells
• Taken from adult tissues, such as
blood, fat and brain tissue
• Multipotent, pluripotent and
unipotent types
*Unipotent— cells that can develop
into
one type of cell only
1. Obtaining
• Because the stem cells are the first
that form after fertilization occurs,
they are abundant in the placenta and
especially in the umbilical cord.
• Geneticists obtain them from the cord
UMBILICAL
CORD
once the baby has been born, and it is
There are possible to freeze the cord to harvest
many the stem cells later.
stem cells
because MITOSIS
The cells multip
according to th
genetic program

STEM CELL
A primer on Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Blastocyst -
from In Vitro Fertilization
Clinic

“Blueprint” cells
Inner Cell
Mass
(Stem Cells)

A Blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells


with a small clump of stem cells
inside
Human Embryonic Stem Cells
Blastocyst -
from In Vitro Fertilization
Clinic

Pipette

Stem “Blueprint”
Cells cells
A Blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells
with a small clump of stem cells
inside

Stem Cells “Blueprint”


cells

To remove the stem cells, the Blastocyst is opened


and the stem cells removed with a pipette
2. Multiplication Stem Cells

Once isolated, stem cells are cultivated


in vitro under special conditions. It is
Pipette
common to resort to a substrate of
irradiated cells, which serve as support
without competing for space. Later,
every seven days, they need to be
Petri Dish
separated to keep them from dying and
to be able to reproduce them.
16 IS THE LIMIT FOR CULTIVATION.
THIS
LIMITATION GUARANTEES THE
ABSENCE
OF A HUMAN EMBRYO. THE EXACT
ACTIVATORS
Chemical and
hormonal
activators guide

3. Differentiation
the

NEURONS
have yet to be
grown in the laboratory.

The stem cells are pluripotent, which


is to say
that they have the power to create
any of the
more than 200 different cells of the
body. This
process happens as the embryo
grows. If the WHITE BLOOD CELL
Some tests have
managed
optimal conditions could be created to produce them.
in vitro, it RED BLOOD CELL
Generating them in vit
has been achieved.
would be possible to form in a
laboratory all
Growth factors Chemical cues

Petri Dish
Stem Cells

Pancreat
ic Muscl
Neuro e
n
Different chemicals / molecules are added
to the stem cells to make them become
specific types of cells.
4. Implantation

Doctors and geneticists


hope to be able to
provide new
pluripotent cells to
damaged tissue and
provoke its
regeneration.

Graft types
4. Autologous
5. Allogeneic
Potential uses of stem cells
Potential of embryonic stem
cell
• Cancer therapy: stem cells to replace organ
therapy: stem cells to replace organ tissue or
regrow organs
• Transplants for autoimmune disorders like
Lupus
• Organ without risk of rejection
• Grow insulin producing Beta cells to treat Type I
Diabetes
• Neurons to restore brain function to patients
with Parkinson ’s Disease.
• Rebuild an injured spine.
• Create replacement skin for a burn victim.
• Alzheimer ’s Disease, Lou Gehrig’s Disease,
Companies involved
• RTI Biologics
• Cytori Therapeutics
• BioTime
• Bioheart
• LifeCell is India's first private stem cell bank based in
chennai
• Cryo-Save AG (London )
• SCCC Index
• Transition Therapeutics, Inc.
• StemCells
BioMimetic Therapeutics
• Osteotech
Neuralstem
RegeneRx Biopharma Athersys
Advanced Cell Technology
International Stem Cell Corp
• Aastrom Biosciences
Mesoblast
Opposition
• Human embryo moral status
• Opens the door to reproductive
cloning implantation to difficult
to enforce.
• Perfecting nuclear
transplantation techniques that
can be used to clone humans
• Destruction of innocent human
life for research
• Biotechnical abolition of the
human family.
• Degradation of human
Weldon-Stupak Bill
procreation, manufacturing &
children without normal familial Brownback Bill
Hurdles
• After nearly ten years of research, there are no
approved treatments or human trials using embryonic
stem cells.
• ES cells, being pluripotent cells, require specific signals
for correct differentiation - if injected directly into
another body, ES cells will differentiate into many
different types of cells, causing a teratoma.
• Differentiating ES cells into usable cells while avoiding
transplant rejection are just a few of the hurdles that
embryonic stem cell researchers still face.
• Potential risk of cancer as stem cells can have unlimited
expansion
Thank you

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