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CELLS
Khushpreet Singh |
7050014
B Tech 4th year
Thapar University
STEM CELLS
• They are characterized by the ability to renew themselves
through mitotic cell division and differentiating into a diverse
range of specialized cell types.
• Research in the stem cell field grew out of findings by
Canadian scientists Ernest A. McCulloch and James E. Till in
the 1960s.
• The two broad types of mammalian stem cells are: embryonic
stem cells that are isolated from the inner cell mass of
blastocysts, and adult stem cells that are found in adult tissues
EMBRYONIC CELLS
This photograph shows
the eye of a needle with
an embryo formed only
by
stem cells before cellular
First use
In 1998 stem cells were isolated
and cultivated for the first time in
the United States. Since then,
numerous laboratories in the world
have cultivated them. Because of
ethical questions that surround
work with embryonic cells, each
line is monitored through
official organizations.
Types of Stem Cells
• Embryonic
• Adult
Embryonic Stem Cells
STEM CELL
A primer on Human Embryonic Stem Cells
Blastocyst -
from In Vitro Fertilization
Clinic
“Blueprint” cells
Inner Cell
Mass
(Stem Cells)
Pipette
Stem “Blueprint”
Cells cells
A Blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells
with a small clump of stem cells
inside
3. Differentiation
the
NEURONS
have yet to be
grown in the laboratory.
Petri Dish
Stem Cells
Pancreat
ic Muscl
Neuro e
n
Different chemicals / molecules are added
to the stem cells to make them become
specific types of cells.
4. Implantation
Graft types
4. Autologous
5. Allogeneic
Potential uses of stem cells
Potential of embryonic stem
cell
• Cancer therapy: stem cells to replace organ
therapy: stem cells to replace organ tissue or
regrow organs
• Transplants for autoimmune disorders like
Lupus
• Organ without risk of rejection
• Grow insulin producing Beta cells to treat Type I
Diabetes
• Neurons to restore brain function to patients
with Parkinson ’s Disease.
• Rebuild an injured spine.
• Create replacement skin for a burn victim.
• Alzheimer ’s Disease, Lou Gehrig’s Disease,
Companies involved
• RTI Biologics
• Cytori Therapeutics
• BioTime
• Bioheart
• LifeCell is India's first private stem cell bank based in
chennai
• Cryo-Save AG (London )
• SCCC Index
• Transition Therapeutics, Inc.
• StemCells
BioMimetic Therapeutics
• Osteotech
Neuralstem
RegeneRx Biopharma Athersys
Advanced Cell Technology
International Stem Cell Corp
• Aastrom Biosciences
Mesoblast
Opposition
• Human embryo moral status
• Opens the door to reproductive
cloning implantation to difficult
to enforce.
• Perfecting nuclear
transplantation techniques that
can be used to clone humans
• Destruction of innocent human
life for research
• Biotechnical abolition of the
human family.
• Degradation of human
Weldon-Stupak Bill
procreation, manufacturing &
children without normal familial Brownback Bill
Hurdles
• After nearly ten years of research, there are no
approved treatments or human trials using embryonic
stem cells.
• ES cells, being pluripotent cells, require specific signals
for correct differentiation - if injected directly into
another body, ES cells will differentiate into many
different types of cells, causing a teratoma.
• Differentiating ES cells into usable cells while avoiding
transplant rejection are just a few of the hurdles that
embryonic stem cell researchers still face.
• Potential risk of cancer as stem cells can have unlimited
expansion
Thank you