UNIT-1

Optical networking components

BY S.VAIDEGI M.E., AP/ECE

Evolution of Optical Networks First Generation

Started in 1980

Limited to fiber optic transmission systems the rest of

the system was electrical

Thus, the electronic was the major bottleneck! The received optical data had to be dropped and then transmitted

this was a point-to-point system Example: Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH), Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), Fiber Channel These systems where based on Optical TDM (10Gb/s and 40Gb/s) Higher capacity systems were build using WDM technology (1 Tb/s) remember a single phone line is only 60 Kb/s!)

Evolution of Optical Networks Second Generation

Incoming optical signals could be

WADM

switched in optical domain (optical switching)

No longer limited to point-to-point

Underlying technologies included Optical Add-Drop Multiplexers (OADM) Optical crossconnets (OXC) Optical line terminals (OLT) Wavelength Add/Drop Multiplexer (WADM) Dense WDM (DWDM) Examples FTTH, FTTC, ROADM

OXC

Components
1: Basic ideas of fiber communications 2: Optical fibers Basic concepts of fiber optics Fiber applications and types Fiber attenuation, dispersion, & nonlinear effects Special-purpose fibers 3. Light sources and receivers
Light sources: LEDs and lasers Transmitters Receivers and detectors

4: Passive optical components Couplers & taps Planar waveguides Attenuators and filters Wavelength-division multiplexers 5: Active components Repeaters and regenerators Optical amplifiers Modulators Optical switches Wavelength converters

Optical Fiber Communication system

Major elements of an optical fiber link

Fibers
Concept of optical fiber

Fiber applications and types Multimode Single-mode

Fiber properties Attenuation Dispersion Nonlinear effects

Fiber types
Single-mode fiber
250-m plastic coating 125-m glass cladding Core 9 m

50/125 Graded-index fiber

250-m plastic coating

125-m glass cladding

Core 50 m

140-m cladding
Core 100 m

100/140 Step-index multimode

10

Light sources, transmitters & receivers

Light sources for fiber-optic systems LEDs The laser principle Semiconductor & fiber lasers Transmitters Receivers Detectors Receiver sensitivity

11

The Laser Principle

Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of

Radiation Extracts energy from excited species Each stimulated wave is in phase with the wave that stimulates it Laser has resonant cavity Optical amplifiers are single-pass

12

Transmitters
Light sources plus accessories (some optional) Electronic pre-processing (e.g. voltage-current) Bias current generator Modulator driver (for laser or external) Optical monitor Cooler External modulator Attenuator Optical and electronic interfaces

13

Passive optics
Couplers & taps Planar waveguides Attenuators and filters Wavelength-division multiplexing Types of multiplexing Optics for WDM Other passive components Optical isolators Optical circulators

Multiplexing
Transmitting several signals over a single communications

channel Multiplexing technologies

Frequency Division Multiplexing (modulating data into different carrier

frequencies) Wavelength Division Multiplexing Time division Multiplexing (dividing available time among various signals) Statistical Multiplexing (dynamic allocation of time spaces depending on the traffic pattern)
Statistical Multiplexing Requires buffering resulting in variable delay
Many packets will have to be buffered Packets will have to be delayed Some packets may be lost

Guarantee of Service (QoS)

Multiplexing

16

Couplers & Taps

Couplers split or combine signals going to or coming from

two or more fibers Splitting inevitably reduces signal intensity

Photons only go one way Divide in half, get 3-dB loss

17

Coupler Loss
Number of ports 2 3 4 6 10 15 20 30 50 Fraction of signal 0.5 0.333 0.25 0.167 0.1 0.0667 0.05 0.0333 0.02 Loss (dB) 3.0 4.8 6.0 7.8 10.0 11.8 13.0 14.8 17.0

18

Functional Types Of Couplers

T and Y (3-port)
1-N or Tree Star Separate inputs and outputs All ports equivalent

19

Coupler Technologies
Bulk optics Also micro optics Fused fibers Planar waveguides Active couplers Repeater with two or more outputs

20

Optical Isolators
Transmit light in only one direction

Block transmission toward laser Important for controlling noise

Based on polarizer and faraday rotator

21

Optical Isolators-2

Polarizer 1 Oriented

Faraday rotator

Polarizer 2 Oriented

No light -Crossed polarizer Blocks transmission Polarizer 1 Oriented Faraday rotator Polarizer 2 Oriented

22

Optical circulator structure

Faraday rotators shift polarization +45 when light goes in either direction Waveplates rotate polarization -45 when light goes one way, Faraday rotators +45 when light goes other way Faraday rotators Waveplates Waveplates +45 Beam displacer Port 4 Beam displacer -45 +45 Beam displacer -45 (output only) Port 3 +45 +45 (input/ +45 +45 output) -45 +45 +45 +45 Port 1 (input only)

+45 +45
+45 +45 - +45 45 -45 +45 +45 +45 Port 2 (input/ output)

-45 +45
Vertical polarization Horizontal Polarization

23

Wavelength-division multiplexing
Transmits signals at many wavelengths through one

fiber Multiplies fiber capacity Distinct from time-division multiplexing

TDM interleaves slow signals to make one fast one WDM sends multiple signals at similar speeds to increase

capacity DWDM = dense WDM

Each wavelength is an optical channel

24

WDM and optical networks

Wavelengths are carriers, as in radio Capacity is data rate X number of channels Dense WDM is closely spaced Capacity sold as optical channels Total WDM band limited by Transmission system Bandwidth of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers Optical channels managed through system Switched and Routed Adds 'granularity'

25

WDM Optics
Multiplexing: combine optical channels

Demultiplexing: separating optical channels Detectors can't tell wavelengths apart

Separate optical channels When closely spaced Maintain low crosstalk Separated channels may be switched Wavelengths may be converted

26

Interference filters for WDM

Multiple filters needed for WDM

Pick-off one wavelength at a time

Pick bands, then individual wavelengths High resolution possible Many components Scalable in increments

27

Optical amplifiers
Directly amplify weak optical signal Stimulated emission from excited material Laser without a resonant cavity Optical signal makes single pass Amplify all wavelengths in their range Compatible with WDM Purely analog devices Require fine tuning to limit noise

28

Types of optical amplifiers

Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers: C band 1530-1565 nm-most widely used L band 1570-1620 nm
Thulium doped fibers, S band 1470-1500 nm

Raman fiber amplifiers: broadband

Praseodymium-doped fiber amplifiers 1310 nm range Semiconductor optical amplifiers

29

Optical switching
Essential for optical networking

Manages signals as optical channels

Switch one channel or whole fiber load Functions Protection switching Provisioning Add/drop switches Cross-connects

THANKING YOU