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Chapter 12,
In this chapter . . .
You will learn about
how various storage technologies support processing how data is transferred to and from the processor two classes of secondary memory
DASD SASD
Main Memory
RAM is composed of integrated units SDRAM-Synchronous Dynamic RAM DIMMs--Dual Inline Memory Modules
Modern designs feature two-tier chipset northbridge-controller connecting CPU with memory, graphics controller southbridge-controller connecting I/O and other devices
Memory Hierarchy I
Memory Hierarchy II
RANDOM ACCESS
items are independently addressed access time is constant items are independently addressed in regions access time is variablethough not significantly items are organized in sequence (linearly) access time is significantly variable
DIRECT ACCESS
SEQUENTIAL ACCESS
Secondary Memory
magnetic tape
magnetic hard and floppy disks removable hard disks optical discs
DASD Media
CAV constant angular velocity (e.g., floppy and hard disks) CLV constant linear velocity (e.g., optical discs) Zoned CAV number of sectors depends upon zone
Direct Access
SEEK controller advances read/write head to proper track LATENCY waits for proper sector to rotate under head READ/WRITE disk head scans the sector for read or write
Magnetic Disks
FLOPPY DISKS
5.25 and 3.5 inch diskettes CAV 1.44 2.88 MBytes capacity access: drive speeds 600 r.p.m. inexpensive, archival uses for small amounts of data offline storage
HARD DISKS
3.5 inch has approx 1030K tracks per side ZCAV multiple disk, sides (cylinders) high capacity access: drive speeds 5,400; 7,200 r.p.m. and higher on-line storage
data is stored in blocks blocks occupy sectors sectors on tracks files have names files are indefinite in size files may be updated (in part or whole) directory entries record file data file allocation table keeps track of file pieces
CD-ROM
based on CDDA technology CLV geometry density: 16,000 tpi up to 650 MBytes nonerasable, nonwriteable storage discs are mastered, pressed (mass production) multispeeds drives common
CDR
discs are burnt one at a time high intensity laser beam used for recording pregrooved tracks low intensity beam for reading attributes similar to CDROM
CD-RW
CD-ReWritable-writable, erasable disc optical phase-change recording Erased, written up to 1,000 times UDF (Universal Disk Format)
DVD