ECE 398RES

RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS

presentation by

Pat Chapman and George Gross

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

at the PAP 2006 Annual Meeting

OUTLINE
The scope of the course
The course within the current energy/

environment context
The role of renewable sources

Course objectives and perspectives

Topical outline The first class

RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS

We focus on the technical, economic and

environmental aspects of renewable and

alternative energy systems to obtain an

understanding of their role in meeting societys

electricity needs We analyze the full range of renewable energy supplies The course provides a basis for understanding the distinctive scientific principles of renewable

RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS

energy and the ability to provide an assessment

of the economics and environmental impacts of

renewable energy The course covers the basics of energy production from renewable sources, the relevant thermodynamics background, the structure and

nature of the electric transmission grid, the

integration of renewable resources into the grid, environmental aspects and the regulatory

environment for electricity

INCREASE IN WORLD ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION

Mton oil equivalent*
7000

6000
5000 4000

3000
2000 1000 0 production consumption production consumption

1971 2000
developing countries

2000 2030
transition economies

OECD
Source: IEA 2002

* 1 tonne of oil equivalent (toe) = 42 GJ (net calorific value) = 10034 Mcal

PREDOMINANCE OF OIL AND GAS

http://www.exxonmobil.com/corporate/Newsroom/Publications/eTrendsSite/chapter1.asp

OUT OF GAS

PRICE OF OIL

MAJOR CHALLENGES IN ENERGY

Energy security: fuel supply resources for the future Economic growth: accommodation of the developing nations needs Environmental effects: global warming and emission control Electricity system reliability: assurance of integrity of electric power infrastructure

SUSTAINABILITY
Sustainable development refers to living, production and consumption in a manner and at a level that meets the needs of the present without unduly impact on the ability of future generations to meet their own needs The World Commission on Environment and Development set up by the UN issued a seminal report in 1987; the report established the concept of sustainable development The major thrust of the report was to explicitly recognize the scale and unevenness of economic

SUSTAINABILITY
development and population growth continue to

place unprecedented pressures on the planets

land, water and other natural resources and without constraints are severe enough to wipe out regional populations and, over the long term, to lead to global catastrophes Sustainability is a key guiding principle of policy of many nations The applicability at international, national, state

and local levels varies widely

ROLE OF RENEWABLES IS OF GROWING IMPORTANCE

RENEWABLES ROLE IN THE 2004 U.S. ENERGY SUPPLY

2005 RENEWABLE PORTFOLIO STANDARDS AND STATE MANDATES

2005 WIND ENERGY STATUS

Washington 240 Oregon 263 Idaho 0.2 Montana 2 North Dakota 66 South Dakota 44 Nebraska 14 Utah 0.2 California 2,096 New Mexico 267 Colorado 229 Kansas 114 Minnesota 615 Wisconsin 53 Michigan 2 Vermont 6 Maine 0.1 New Hampshire 0.1 Massachusetts 1 New York 48 Pennsylvania 129 West Virginia 66 Tennessee 29

Wyoming 285

Iowa 632
Illinois 81

Ohio 7

Oklahoma Arkansas 176 0.1 Texas 1,293

Alaska 1

Hawaii 9

total U.S. capacity installed: 6740MW

Source: American Wind Energy Association, Outlook 2005

2003 05 GLOBAL WIND CAPACITY

70000 60000 11,769 50000 8,207 MW 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 2003
Source: Global Wind Energy Council

2004

2005

GLOBAL INSTALLED WIND POWER CAPACITY ( MW ) REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION

Africa & The Middle East Asia Europe Latin America & Caribbean North America Pacific Region

Source: Wind Energy Fact Sheet, American Wind Energy Association, www.awaea.org

2005 INSTALLED WIND CAPACITY

Asia 7,135 MW 12% Americas and Africa 10,979 MW 19%

Australia 708 MW 1%

total wind 59,322 MW

Source: Global Wind Energy Council

Europe 40,500 MW 68%

2005 INSTALLED WIND CAPACITY

18,428 MW
10,027 MW 9,149 MW 4,430 MW 3,122 MW 1,260 MW 708 MW MW
Source: Global Wind Energy Council

THE TOP 20 STATES FOR WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL

10,000 annual energy potential ( billions of kWhs ) 1,000

100

10

0.1

States Source: Wind Energy Fact Sheet, American Wind Energy Association, www.awaea.org

DOE WIND PROGRAM GOALS

3 /kWh in classes 4 and above onshore wind areas 5 /kWh for off-shore regions

WIND SYSTEM CAPITAL COSTS

1600 150 kW 1400 225 kW 300 kW 500 kW 1000 800 600 400 600 kW 1650 kW

capital costs ( $/kW )

1200

200
0 1989 1991 1993 1995 1996 2000

capital costs include turbine, tower, grid connection, site preparation controls and land

SOLAR ENERGY

U.S. SOLAR INSOLATION MAP

2004 SOLAR ENERGY STATUS

Total U.S. installed PV and solar thermal capacity is 0.5 GW Total world PV capacity is 4 GW with 1.8 GW being grid connected

PV systems at APS facility in Prescott, AZ

The nine parabolic trough plants for concentrating solar power produce energy at 12 14 /kWh The price of power from grid-connected PV systems is 20 30 /kWh

DOE SOLAR PROGRAM GOALS

Photovoltaics: 6 /kWh by 2020
The goal of the US DOE is to install 1000 MW of new concentrating solar power systems in the southwestern United States by 2010 with costs of 0.07 $/kWh Concentrating solar power/troughs: 5 /kWh by 2012

FORECASTED RENEWABLE COSTS

40 100

Wind
cents / kWh 30 20 10 0 1980

80
60 40 20

PV

1990

2000

2010

2020

0 1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

10 cents / kWh 8 6 4 2 0 1980 1990

Geothermal

2000

2010

2020

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1980

Solar thermal

15 12

Biomass

9
6 3 1990 2000 2010 2020 0 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

all costs are levelized in constant year 2000 dollars

Source: NREL Energy Analysis Office (www.nrel.gov/analysis/docs/cost_curves_2002.ppt)

KEY CHALLENGES IN RENEWABLE EXPANSION

Integration into the grid interconnection grid capability reliability issues power quality Competitiveness of technology costs

Environmental problems
Development of storage technology

KEY CHALLENGES IN RENEWABLE EXPANSION

Government policies at the federal

state
local

levels
Regulatory accommodation permitting processes back up power green power differential

COURSE OBJECTIVES
Acquaint students with some basic physical principles used in renewable energy Stress the importance of economics and environmental aspects in electricity developments

Expose students to the exciting aspects of

energy

COURSE OBJECTIVES
Expose students to some of the major
developments in renewable resources and their

integration into the power grid

Provide a basic understanding of impacts of

market forces on shaping the electricity business

Give students the opportunity to do a project in a

team environment and to make a formal presentation

PERSPECTIVES
Understanding of the scientific principles underlying renewable resources is essential Awareness of the role that renewables can play is important Challenges in the integration of renewables are major

TOPICAL OUTLINE
General overview of electricity demand, supply, industry structure, interconnected system operations and state of technology

Nature and role of alternative generation sources

Review of concepts in electric circuit analysis

TOPICAL OUTLINE
Engineering aspects of alternative source generation technologies: thermodynamics considerations; solar resource and solar array

systems; wind resource and wind generation

systems; other renewable resource technologies; hydro, geothermal, closed system fuel cells; role of power electronic circuits in renewable technologies; economics of various technologies; environmental attributes

TOPICAL OUTLINE
Engineering principles of electrical storage technologies: electrical vs. chemical energy storage; batteries; double-layer capacitors;

superconducting magnetic energy storage;

flywheels

The demand picture: the nature of electrical

loads; time variation, periodicity and price

dependence

TOPICAL OUTLINE
Demand management and energy conservation; efficiency improvements; load management; price-responsive demand; and, the role of new technologies Electricity markets basics Integration of renewable generation into the grid Regulatory policy aspects

GRADING POLICY
The course grade is based on the performance of the student in the homework assignments, the

quizzes, the final exam and the project

Students form teams and each team undertakes the preparation of a final project and its presentation to the class

GRADING POLICY TABLE

component homework percentage 15

quizzes
projects final

35
15 35

total

100

THE FIRST CLASS

34 undergraduate students from ECE and other engineering departments

The project was the highlight of the course for

many students Students have become well exposed to the many challenges in the integration of renewable resources