Motivation is literally the desire to do things. It is the crucial element in setting and attaining goals.

Motivation is the psychological feature that arouses an organism to action toward a desired goal and elicits, controls, and sustains certain goal directed behaviors. Motivational devices or activities arouse and maintain interest in the content to be taught.

Reasons of Selecting and Organizing the Lesson

Stimulate students appetite at the beginning of the lesson Maintain student curiosity and involvement in the work by using surprise, doubt, and perplexity Provide active and manipulative opportunities Permit students autonomy in organizing their time and effort Provide choices or alternatives to meet requirements of the lesson

Types of MOTIVATION
Intrinsic motivation arises from a desire to learn a topic due to its inherent interests, for self-fulfillment, enjoyment and to achieve a mastery of the subject. Extrinsic motivation is motivation to perform and succeed for the sake of accomplishing a specific result or outcome.

INTRINSIC MOTIVATION
Intrinsic motivation involves sustaining or increasing the interest students already have in a topic or task.

ACTIVITIES AND MATERIALS TO ENHANCE INTRINSIC MOTIVATON

Challenging Statements/ Questions Topic: Nuclear Reaction Nuclear power plants are unnecessary and potentially dangerous.
Topic: Probability 10 guns on a table, only one of them loaded. For 1 million dollars would you point two at your head and shoot them? Topic: Family Planning For you, which is better, Natural or Artificial Family Planning? Why?

ACTIVITIES AND MATERIALS TO ENHANCE INTRINSIC MOTIVATON

Pictures and Cartoons
Topic: K to 12 Basic Education

ACTIVITIES AND MATERIALS TO ENHANCE INTRINSIC MOTIVATON

Pictures and Cartoons
Topic: Distillation

ACTIVITIES AND MATERIALS TO ENHANCE INTRINSIC MOTIVATON

Pictures and Cartoons
Topic: Traffic Signs

ACTIVITIES AND MATERIALS TO ENHANCE INTRINSIC MOTIVATON

Pictures and Cartoons
Topic: Developing Ones Attitude

Teacher: What are the good characteristics of SpongeBob?

ACTIVITIES AND MATERIALS TO ENHANCE INTRINSIC MOTIVATON

Charts, Tables, Graphs, Maps Topic: K to 12 Basic Education

ACTIVITIES AND MATERIALS TO ENHANCE INTRINSIC MOTIVATON

Charts, Tables, Graphs, Maps Topic: Less than and Greater than

ACTIVITIES AND MATERIALS TO ENHANCE INTRINSIC MOTIVATON

Charts, Tables, Graphs, Maps Topic: Supply and Demand

ACTIVITIES AND MATERIALS TO ENHANCE INTRINSIC MOTIVATON

Personal Experiences
Topic: EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE Have you experience wearing shoes fit to you then suddenly in a hot day, those pair of shoes seems to get smaller to your feet? Topic: MIXTURE What are the common ingredients in your halo-halo? Topic: TYPES OF CLOTHING What type of clothing is best to wear during freezing weather?

ACTIVITIES AND MATERIALS TO ENHANCE INTRINSIC MOTIVATON

Problems
Topic: CONDUCTION What metals conduct heat well? Why?

Topic: DENSITY Why do ice floats on top of the water?

Topic: ACIDS and BASES What are the common acids and bases that can be found in our home? Topic: DIFFUSION How does diffusion happen in spreading perfume?

ACTIVITIES AND MATERIALS TO ENHANCE INTRINSIC MOTIVATON

Exploratory and Creative Activities
Teacher: I need three volunteers to come to the chalkboard to fill the blanks of the puzzle, while the rest of you do it on your seats. Motivational activities: Puzzles, Spider web, Dyads, Straw building, Newspaper sculpture, Knots, Riddles, Guessing game etc.

ACTIVITIES AND MATERIALS TO ENHANCE INTRINSIC MOTIVATON

Contests and Games Teacher: Lets see how you remember yesterday's homework. We will organize five teams by rows. In your notebooks, list eight different string instruments. You will have two minutes. We will average the scores. The winning row, with the highest score will receive extra credit.

ACTIVTIES AND MATERIALS TO ENHANCE INTRINSIC MOTIVATON

Anecdotes and Stories
The Whole World Came Together

The young mother was ready for a few minutes of relaxation after a long and demanding day. However, her young daughter had other plans for her mother's time. "Read me a story, Mom," the little girl requested. "Give Mommy a few minutes to relax and unwind. Then I'll be happy to read you a story," pleaded the mother. The little girl was insistent that Mommy read to her now. With a stroke of genius, the mother tore off the back page of the magazine she was reading. It contained a fullpage picture of the world. As she tore it into several pieces, Mom asked her daughter to put the picture together and then she would read her a story. Surely this would buy her considerable relaxing moments. A short time later, the little girl announced the completion of her puzzle project. To her astonishment, she found the world picture completely assembled. When she asked her daughter how she managed to do it so quickly, the little girl explained that on the reverse side of the page was the picture of a little girl. "You see, Mommy, when I got the little girl together, the whole world came together." Each of us has the responsibility to put our world together. It starts by getting ourselves put together. We can become better parents, friends, spouses, employees, and employers. The first step is changing our attitude.

EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION
Extrinsic motivation focuses on cognitive strategies. Activities that enhance success and reduce failure increase motivation.

NINE BASIC PRINCIPLES IN ENHANCING EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION

Clear Directions and Expectations Students must know exactly what they are expected to do and how they will be evaluated. Time on Task Keep students on task.

NINE BASIC PRINCIPLES IN ENHANCING EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION

Cognitive Match Students motivation is highest when students work on task or problems appropriate to their achievement level. Prompt Feedback Feedbacks on students should be constructive and prompt.

NINE BASIC PRINCIPLES IN ENHANCING EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION

Relate Past Learning with Present Learning Use reinforcers to strengthen previous learned content. Frequent Rewards No matter how powerful a reward, it may have a little impact if it is provided infrequently. Small, frequent rewards are more effective.

NINE BASIC PRINCIPLES IN ENHANCING EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION

Praise Verbal praise (Good, Great, Fine work) is a powerful motivating device. High Expectations Students who are expected to learn will learn more and be motivated to learn more than students who are not expected to learn.

NINE BASIC PRINCIPLES IN ENHANCING EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION

Value of Rewards Motivation is partially based on the value and individual places and success, as well as the individuals estimate of the possibility of success. Incentives used for students should have value for them.

Of all the major techniques the teacher uses to teach in a classroom setting, the skills related to motivation is said to be the most significant strategy in terms of encouraging and stimulating students to attain lesson objectives.

 consistently displays dynamic personal behaviors in the classroom moves about the classroom uses non-verbal behavior to create presence use their voice effectively controls the pace of the lesson motivates the students by varying the instructional mode

DEFINITION
Drilling and practice is an effective way for students to learn. Drills refer to the repetitive practice of different skills. Teachers can use drilling as a way to help students solidify newly learned skills. Practice and drills give students an opportunity to learn certain concepts quickly and effectively.

PRACTICE AND DRILL ACTIVITIES

Daily review
Checking of homeworks

PRACTICE AND DRILL ACTIVITIES

Presenting New Content/ Skills Proceed in small steps, but at a rapid pace Give detailed and redundant instructions and explanations Phase in new skills while old skills being mastered

PRACTICE AND DRILL ACTIVITIES

Initial Student Practice
High frequency of questions All students have a chance to respond and receive feedback Teacher checks for understanding by evaluating students responses Continue practice until students are firm Success rate of 80% or higher

PRACTICE AND DRILL ACTIVITIES

Feedback and Correctives Feedback for students, particularly when they are correct Feedback to student errors Reteaching in smaller steps

PRACTICE AND DRILL ACTIVITIES

Independent Practice For the students to be firm and automatic Seatwork Unitization and automaticity 95 % correct or higher

PRACTICE AND DRILL ACTIVITIES

Weekly and Monthly reviews

In a test or nontest form Reteaching, if necessary

Guidelines in Implementing Practice and Drills

In order to acquire many basic skills, certain things are need to be learned by the students to the point of automatic response.

Guidelines in Implementing Practice and Drills

Practice must follow understanding and can enhance understanding. Practice is more effective if the students have a desire to learn what is being practiced. Practice should be individualized. Practice should be intermixed with different materials and parts of the lesson.

Guidelines in Implementing Practice and Drills

There should be much practice on a few skills rather than a little practice on many skills. Practice should be organized and specific so that the students experience high rates of achievement. Practice should be organized so that students and teacher have immediate feedback. Practice materials should be used for diagnostic purpose. Practice material should provide progressive continuity between learning tasks.

Improving Practice and Drills

Have a clear system of rules and procedures for general behavior. Move around to monitor the students seatwork. Provide comments, explanation, and feedback. Spend more time teaching and reteaching the basic skills. Use practice during and after learning. Provide variety and challenge in practice and drills. Keep students alert and focused on the task. Maintain a brisk pace.

Thank you !