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Atoms And the Periodic Table

Atomic Structure

Inner
electron
shell
Proton
Nucleus

Neutron
Outer
electron
shell
Sub Atomic Particles
• 1. PROTONS- positive electrical
charge, found in the NUCLEUS, or
center of an atom.
• 2. NEUTRONS- neutral (no electrical
charge), also found in the NUCLEUS.
• 3. ELECTRONS- negative electrical
charge, found moving around the
nucleus in the ELECTRON CLOUD
Friendly electrons
• Electrons like to travel in pairs, when they
can find another electron to travel with.

• Different layers within the electron cloud


are called ENERGY LEVELS or SHELLS
Friendly electrons
• Electrons like to travel in pairs, when they
can find another electron to travel with.

• Different layers within the electron cloud


are called ENERGY LEVELS or SHELLS
Atomic
Number?

How many
bonds will
this form?

How many
Protons?
Electron shells

• The first shell can hold 2 electrons.

• The second shell can hold 8 electrons.

• The third shell also holds 8 electrons.


Electrons exist in shells around the nucleus.

H 1 p+ (1 e-)

He 2 p+ (2 e-)

Li 3 p+ (3 e-)

C 6 p+ (6
e-)

N 7 p+ (7 e-)
How to find atomic structure

• ATOMIC NUMBER = protons


in the nucleus
• Each different atomic number
is a new ELEMENT, or pure
substance that cannot be
broken down
How to find atomic structure

• ATOMIC MASS= protons


PLUS neutrons in the nucleus

• Atomic Mass- Atomic Number


= neutrons
Alkali Halogens
Metals Periodic Table

Noble
Gases
Information in the Table

4 Atomic number
7
Silve Name of the element
r
Ag Elemental Symbol

107.87 Atomic mass (weight)


• 109 elements are currently known:
– 87 are metals
– 26 are radioactive
– 16 are man made (all radioactive)
– 11 occur as gases
– 2 occur as liquids
Navigating the Periodic Table
• The rows are the “periods”
– Each period starts a new shell of electrons
– The periods are numbered starting with 1 at
the top
• The columns are the “groups”
– Each group has similar chemical properties
– The groups are numbered starting with 1 at
the left
– Elements with similar properties have the
same number of electrons in the outermost
shell
Chemical Families
• Chemical Families
– Group 1 are called alkali metals because the
react with water to from an alkaline solution,
very soft metals.
– Group 7 are the halogens
• These need only one electron to fill their outer shell
• They are very reactive.( disinfectants, bleach,
headlights)
– Group 0 are the noble gases as they have
completely filled outer shells
• They are almost non reactive.

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