CHAPTER 2- Exponential & Logarithmic Function

Exponential Function
An exponential function has a constant which is raised to a variable power, like y=2x the basic shape of which when drawn, indicates a rapidly increasing function. Recall that a table of values consists of an ordered pairs of numbers (x,y) representing a function or describing points in a coordinate plane. Consider the rule y=2x for the geometric progression 2,4,8,16,. domin: x/x is R number range: x/x is all positive R numbers examples: y=2x x y -3 1/8 -2 1/4 -1 1/2 0 1 1 2 2 4 3 8 4 16

b0=1 20=1

Any function raise to 0 is one

b-1=

bm
n

b0

bm/n=

bm

Theorem 2.1 if b > 0, b 1 & if y > 0, there existence one & only one real number x such that y= bx Theorem 2.2 if b > 0, b 1 & if x, & x2 are two numbers such that bx1 =bx2 when x1 =x2

25x=6

5x =?

36x+1=5

62x+2 =?

52x=6 52(2x) =6 54x =36

54x= 36

62(x+1)=5 62x+2 =5

62x+2= 5

63(x+2)= 53 66x+6= 125

2162x+2 = ? 63(x+2)=? 63(x+2)= 125

Seatwork
Tell which of the following define an exponential 1) y=-3x 2) y=3x 3) y=x2+1 4) y=(5) -x 5) y=3x2

Homework
Graph the following exponential function 1) y=3x 2) y=4x 3) y=5x 4) y=6x 5) y=7x

Logarithmic Function
The logarithm of a number is the exponent by which another fixed value, the base, must be raised to produce that number. For example, the logarithm of 1000 to base 10 is 3, because 1000 is 10 to the power 3: 1000 = 101010 = 103. More generally, if x = by, then y is the logarithm of x to base b, and is written y = logb(x), so log10(1000) = 3.

y=logb x y=log3 x
x y

x=by x=3y
1/3 -1 1 0 y 3 1

1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

0 function x=1 logb 1=0 1 function x=b log3 3=1 X > 1 positive X < 1 negative Increasing fx 1) loga (AB)= loga A+B+loga 2) loga (AB)= loga A+B+loga 3) loga (AB)= loga A+B+loga

Log3 (9) (27) = log3 9+ log3 27=5 3x = 9 3x = 27 3x = 32 3x = 33 x= 2 x= 3

y=log5 1/125

3x =1/125

Log3 63-log3 7=2 Log3 3(63/7) Log3 9

log10

(3 125) (0.0356) 2
(36.3)(5.42)

log10 3 125+ 2log10 .0356

3x =9 3x = 3 2 x= 2

1/ 3

log10 36.2- log10 5.42 1/3 log10 125+ 2log10 0.0356 log10 36.2-1/2log10 5.42 log10 125+ 6log 0.0356 3 log10 36.2-3/2log10 5.42

Seatwork
Convert log to exponential 1) log4 16=2 2) log3 18=4 3) log2 1/32=-5 4) logb3=2 5) log1/2 2=8

Homework
Convert exponential to log 1) Log 36 z2 x3 2) Log10 ( 2 130) (0.050)2 (30.3)(2.40) 3) Log3 ( 3.412) 2 (67)1/2 4) Log3 5 15) 2 (35)1/2 5) Log3 ( 2.312) 2 (56)

Common Logarithmic
The common logarithm is the logarithm with base 10. Its called the common logarithm because we use abase-10 number system in our daily lives. This type of logarithm is often simply written as log(x). log(x) gives you the number y such that 10y = x. The common logarithm has all the same usefulproperties as any other logarithm: 1) log(xy) = log(x) + log(y) 2) log(x/y) = log(x) log(y) 3) log(xy) = y * log(x) 4) log 0.00635= -2.2041 5) log 6.25= 0.7959

Finding the common logarithm log M Log M= log N+log10k = log N+k = k+log N =k+M

Seatwork
1)What is log(1000)? 2)What is log(0.1)? 3) What is log(1)? 4) What is log(25) + log(4)? 5) What is log(50) log(5)?

Homework
1)Compute 4 3.528 using log 2)Compute 3 326 (0.00253) (2.03) 2 3)Compute 2 4.15 3using log 4)Compute 5 2.122using log 5)Compute 3 2.105 using log

Natural Logarithmic
The natural logarithm is the logarithm to the base e, where e is an irrational and transcendental constant approximately equal to 2.718281828. The natural logarithm is generally written as ln x , loge x or sometimes, if the base of e is implicit, as simply log x. Parentheses are sometimes added for clarity, giving ln(x), loge(x) or log(x). This is done in particular when the argument to the logarithm is not a single symbol, in order to prevent ambiguity

e y =M then y= ln M e y =21 y=21 y= 3.0445 Theorem 2.3 if a & b are bases & m > 0 Logb M= logaM loga b

Find the value of loge 10 Log10 = 1 = 2.203 Loge 0.434 Find the value of loge 8 Log10 = 0.9031 = 1.893 Loge 0.4771

Seatwork
Find the value of each of the following. 1) log4 48 2) loge 57 3) ln 1/3.6 4) ln 1/0.089 5) log2 6

Homework
Find approximately the values of y 1) y= log8 42 2) y= loge 352 3) log7 y=3 4) loge y=2.42 5) ln y=1.50

Solution of Exponential & Logarithmic Equation

In previous topic we learned about the exponential and logarithmic functions, studied some of their properties, and learned some of their applications. In this topic we show how to solve some simple equations which contain the unknown either as an exponent (exponential equation) or as the argument of a logarithmic function.

Example:

4x+1 = 3

2x = 7 log2 2x = log2 7 x log2 2 = log2 7 x = log2 7 2.807

log4 4x+1 = log4 3 (x + 1) log4 4 = log4 3 x + 1 = log4 3 x = log4 3 1

3x-3 = 5 x - 3 = log3 5 x = log3 5 + 3

e2x-3ex + 2 = 0 (e x)2x -3e x + 2 = 0 (e x -1)(e x - 2) = 0 ex - 1 = 0 ex = 1 x=0

Solve the equation 7x+1 =32x-3 for x 7x+1 =32x-3 (x+1) log 7= (2x-3) log 3 Xlog 7+ 3log 3= 2xlog 3 -xlog7 Log 7 +3log 3= x(2 log 3-log 7) 2log 3-log 7 2log 3-log 7 X= log 7 + 3 log 3 2log 3- log 7 = 0.8451+ 1.431 0.9542-0.8451 = 2.2764 .1091 =20.8653

Seatwork
1) Solve the equation 3x log 7+ xlog 5 = log 35 + log 5 for x 2) Solve the equation 72x-7x-1 = 0 for x 3) Solve the equation 3xex + x2ex = 0 4) Solve the equation log2(x + 2) = 5 5) Solve the equation log7(25 -x) = 3

Homework
1) Solve the equation ex +3-x =2 for x 2) Solve the equation 2x-1 +2-x =4 for x 3) Solve the equation log(3x+2)= log(x-4)+1 for x 4) Solve the equation log(2x+4)= log(x-1/2)+2 for x 5) Solve the equation log(4x-1 -1)= log (2x-2 -1)-2 for x

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