1

INTRODUCTION
In order to transmit digital information over *
bandpass channels, we have to transfer
the information to a carrier wave of
.appropriate frequency


We will study some of the most commonly *
used digital modulation techniques wherein
the digital information modifies the amplitude
the phase, or the frequency of the carrier in
.discrete steps
2
Dr. Uri Mahlab
transmitting The modulation waveforms for
binary information over bandpass channels :
ASK
FSK
PSK
DSB
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Dr. Uri Mahlab
OPTIMUM RECEIVER FOR BINARY
DIGITAL MODULATION SCHEMS :
The function of a receiver in a binary communication *
system is to distinguish between two transmitted signals
.S1(t) and S2(t) in the presence of noise

The performance of the receiver is usually measured *
in terms of the probability of error and the receiver
is said to be optimum if it yields the minimum
.probability of error

In this section, we will derive the structure of an optimum *
receiver that can be used for demodulating binary
.ASK,PSK,and FSK signals
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Dr. Uri Mahlab
Description of binary ASK,PSK, and
FSK schemes :
-Bandpass binary data transmission system
{bk}
Binary
data
Input
{bk}
Transmit
carrier
Clock pulses
Noise
(n(t
Local carrier
(Z(t
+
+
(V(t
+
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Dr. Uri Mahlab
* Explanation :
The input of the system is a binary bit sequence {bk} with a *
.bit rate r b and bit duration Tb

The output of the modulator during the Kth bit interval *
.depends on the Kth input bit bk

The modulator output Z(t) during the Kth bit interval is *
a shifted version of one of two basic waveforms S1(t) or S2(t) and
:Z(t) is a random process defined by
.1
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Dr. Uri Mahlab
The waveforms S1(t) and S2(t) have a duration *
of Tb and have finite energy,that is,S1(t) and S2(t) =0
if
and
Energy
:Term
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Dr. Uri Mahlab
:The received signal + noise
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Dr. Uri Mahlab
Choice of signaling waveforms for various types of digital*
modulation schemes
for 0 (t)= 2 (t),S 1 S
t
e
2
]; , 0 [
c
c b
f T t = e
.The frequency of the carrier fc is assumed to be a multiple of rb
Type of
modulation

ASK

PSK

FSK
b
T t T S s s 0 ); (
1
b
T t t s s s 0 ); (
2
) sin or (
cos
t w A
t w A
c
c
) sin (
cos
t w A or
t w A
c
c

0
) sin (
cos
t w A
t w A
c
c
}] ) sin{( [(
} ) cos{(
t w w A or
t w w A
d c
d c

}] ) sin{( or [
} ) cos{(
t w w A
t w w A
d c
d c
+
+
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Dr. Uri Mahlab
Receiver structure :
(V0(t
output
Sample every
Tb seconds
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Dr. Uri Mahlab
:{Probability of Error-{Pe*
The measure of performance used for comparing *
probability of error !!!digital modulation schemes is the

The receiver makes errors in the decoding process *
!!! due to the noise present at its input

The receiver parameters as H(f) and threshold setting are *
minimize the probability of error !!!chosen to
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Dr. Uri Mahlab
* can be written as b The output of the filter at t=kT :
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Dr. Uri Mahlab
b :The signal component in the output at t=kT
}

=
b
kT
b b
d kT h Z kT s ) ( ) ( ) (
0
terms ISI ) ( ) (
) 1
+ =
}

d kT h Z
b
kT
T k
b
b
h( ) is the impulse response of the receiver filter*
ISI=0*

=
b
b
kT
T k
b b
d kT h Z kT s
) 1 (
0
) ( ) ( ) (
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Dr. Uri Mahlab
and making* 1 Substituting Z(t) from equation
change of the variable, the signal component
:will look like that
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Dr. Uri Mahlab
:The noise component n0(kTb) is given by *
.The output noise n0(t) is a stationary zero mean Gaussian random process
:The variance of n0(t) is*
:The probability density function of n0(t) is*
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Dr. Uri Mahlab
The probability that the kth bit is incorrectly decoded*
:is given by
.2
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Dr. Uri Mahlab
:The conditional pdf of V0 given bk = 0 is given by*
:It is similarly when bk is 1*
.3
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Dr. Uri Mahlab
Combining equation 2 and 3 , we obtain an*
:expression for the probability of error- Pe as
.4
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Dr. Uri Mahlab
:Conditional pdf of V0 given bk
:The optimum value of the threshold T0* is*
2
02 01
*
0
S S
T
+
=
) (
0
0
0
v
k v
b f =
) (
k
0
0
1 b
v
v
f =
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Dr. Uri Mahlab
Substituting the value of T*0 for T0 in equation 4*
we can rewrite the expression for the probability
:of error as

}
}

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
0 01 02
01 02
2 / ) (
2
2 / ) (
0
0
2
01 0
0
2
exp
2
1
2
) (
exp
2
1
N s s
s s
e
dZ
Z
dV
N
s V
N
P
t
t
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Dr. Uri Mahlab
The optimum filter is the filter that maximizes*
the ratio or the square of the ratio
(maximizing eliminates the requirement S01<S02)
0
01 02
) ( ) (
N
T S T S
b b

=

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Dr. Uri Mahlab
:Transfer Function of the Optimum Filter*

The probability of error is minimized by an *
appropriate choice of h(t) which maximizes
Where
0
2
01 02
2
)] ( ) ( [
N
T s T s
b b

=
}
=
b
T
b b b
d T h s s T s T s
0
1 2 01 02
) ( )] ( ) ( [ ) ( ) (
And
df f H f G N
n
2
0
) ( ) (
}

=
2

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Dr. Uri Mahlab
If we let P(t) =S2(t)-S1(t), then the numerator of the*
:quantity to be maximized is
} }
= =
=

b
T
b b
b b b
d T h P d T h P
T P T S T S
0
0 01 02
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (

Since P(t)=0 for t<0 and h( )=0 for <0*
:the Fourier transform of P0 is

}

=
=
df f T j f H f P T P
f H f P f P
b b
) 2 exp( ) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
0
0
t
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Dr. Uri Mahlab
:Hence can be written as*
2

(*)
We can maximize by applying Schwarzs*
:inequality which has the form
(**)
2

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Dr. Uri Mahlab
Applying Schwarzs inequality to Equation(**) with-
) (
) 2 exp( ) (
) (
) ( ) ( ) (
2
1
f G
fT j f P
f X
f G f H f X
n
b
n
t
=
=
and
We see that H(f), which maximizes ,is given by-
!!! Where K is an arbitrary constant
(***)
2

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Dr. Uri Mahlab
Substituting equation (***) in(*) , we obtain-
:the maximum value of as
2

:And the minimum probability of error is given by-

|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
}

2 2
exp
2
1
max
2
2 max/

Q dZ
Z
P
e
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Dr. Uri Mahlab
:Matched Filter Receiver*
If the channel noise is white, that is, Gn(f)= /2 ,then the transfer -
:function of the optimum receiver is given by
From Equation (***) with the arbitrary constant K set equal to /2-
:The impulse response of the optimum filter is
q
q
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Dr. Uri Mahlab
Recognizing the fact that the inverse Fourier *
of P*(f) is P(-t) and that exp(-2 jfTb) represent
:a delay of Tb we obtain h(t) as
t
) ( ) ( t T p t h
b
=
:Since p(t)=S1(t)-S2(t) , we have*
The impulse response h(t) is matched to the signal *
:S1(t) and S2(t) and for this reason the filter is called
MATCHED FILTER
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Dr. Uri Mahlab
:Impulse response of the Matched Filter *
(S2(t
(S1(t
2 \Tb
2 \Tb
1
0
0
1-
2
0
Tb
t
t
t
t
t
(a)
(b)
(c)
2 \Tb (P(t)=S2(t)-S1(t
(P(-t
Tb- 0
2
(d)
2 \Tb
0
Tb
(h(Tb-t)=p(t
2
(e)
(h(t)=p(Tb-t
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Dr. Uri Mahlab
:Correlation Receiver*
The output of the receiver at t=Tb*
Where V( ) is the noisy input to the receiver

Substituting and noting *
: that we can rewrite the preceding expression as
) ( ) ( ) (
1 2
=
b b
T S T S h
) T (0, for 0 ) (
b
e = h

(# #)
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Dr. Uri Mahlab
Equation(# #) suggested that the optimum receiver can be implemented *
as shown in Figure 1 .This form of the receiver is called
A Correlation Receiver
Threshold
device
(A\D)
integrator
integrator
-
+
Sample
every Tb
seconds
}
b
T
0
}
b
T
0
) (
1
t S
) (
2
t S

+
+
=
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
) (
2
1
t n t S
or
t n t S
t V
Figure 1
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Dr. Uri Mahlab
In actual practice, the receiver shown in Figure 1 is actually *
.implemented as shown in Figure 2
In this implementation, the integrator has to be reset at the
- (end of each signaling interval in order to ovoid (I.S.I
!!! Inter symbol interference

:Integrate and dump correlation receiver
Filter
to
limit
noise
power
Threshold
device
(A/D)
R (Signal z(t
+
(n(t
+
White
Gaussian
noise
High gain
amplifier
) ( ) (
2 1
t S t S
Closed every Tb seconds
c
Figure 2
The bandwidth of the filter preceding the integrator is assumed *
!!! to be wide enough to pass z(t) without distortion
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Dr. Uri Mahlab
Example: A band pass data transmission scheme
uses a PSK signaling scheme with
sec 2 . 0 T , T t 0 , cos ) (
/ 10 , T t 0 , cos ) (
b b 1
b 2
m t w A t S
T w t w A t S
c
b c c
= s s =
= s s = t
The carrier amplitude at the receiver input is 1 mvolt and
the psd of the A.W.G.N at input is watt/Hz. Assume
that an ideal correlation receiver is used. Calculate the
.average bit error rate of the receiver
11
10

33
Dr. Uri Mahlab
:Solution
Data rate =5000 bit/sec
Receiver impulse response
Hz watt f G
n
/ 10 2 / ) (
11
= =q
) ( cos 2
) ( ) ( ) (
1 2
t T w A
t T S t T S t h
b c
b b
=
= =
Threshold setting is 0 and
40
4
) 2 (
2
) (cos 4
2
)] ( ) ( [
2
) (
2
) (
) (
2
2
0
2 2
0
2
1 2
2
2
max
2
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
}
}
}
}

q q
q
q
q

b
b
T
c
T
n
T A
T A
dt t w A
dt t S t S
dt f P
df
f G
f P
b
b
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Dr. Uri Mahlab
=Probability of error = Pe *
( ) 10
2
exp
2
1
max
2
1
2
Q
dz
z
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
}

t
From the table of Gaussian probabilities ,we*
get Pe 0.0008 and
Average error rate (rb) pe /sec = 4 bits/sec
~
~
:Solution Continue
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Dr. Uri Mahlab