Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Figure 8.1 General structure of the feedback amplifier. This is a signal-flow diagram, and the quantities x represent either voltage or current signals.
Sedra/Smith
Figure E8.1
Sedra/Smith
Figure 8.2 Illustrating the application of negative feedback to improve the signal-to-noise ratio in amplifiers.
Sedra/Smith
Figure 8.3 Illustrating the application of negative feedback to reduce the nonlinear distortion in amplifiers. Curve (a) shows the amplifier transfer characteristic without feedback. Curve (b) shows the characteristic with negative feedback (b = 0.01) applied.
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 5
Figure 8.4 The four basic feedback topologies: (a) voltage-mixing voltage-sampling (seriesshunt) topology; (b) current-mixing current-sampling (shuntseries) topology; (c) voltage-mixing current-sampling (seriesseries) topology; (d) current-mixing voltage-sampling (shuntshunt) topology.
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 6
Figure 8.5 A transistor amplifier with shuntseries feedback. (Biasing not shown.)
Sedra/Smith
Figure 8.6 An example of the seriesseries feedback topology. (Biasing not shown.)
Sedra/Smith
Figure 8.7 (a) The inverting op-amp configuration redrawn as (b) an example of shuntshunt feedback.
Sedra/Smith
Figure 8.8 The seriesshunt feedback amplifier: (a) ideal structure and (b) equivalent circuit.
Sedra/Smith
10
Figure 8.9 Measuring the output resistance of the feedback amplifier of Fig. 8.8(a): Rof : Vt/I.
Sedra/Smith
11
Figure 8.10 Derivation of the A circuit and b circuit for the seriesshunt feedback amplifier. (a) Block diagram of a practical seriesshunt feedback amplifier. (b) The circuit in (a) with the feedback network represented by its h parameters.
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 12
Figure 8.10 (Continued) (c) The circuit in (b) with h21 neglected.
Sedra/Smith
13
Figure 8.11 Summary of the rules for finding the A circuit and b for the voltage-mixing voltage-sampling case of Fig. 8.10(a).
Sedra/Smith
14
Sedra/Smith
15
Sedra/Smith
16
Figure E8.5
Sedra/Smith
17
Figure 8.13 The seriesseries feedback amplifier: (a) ideal structure and (b) equivalent circuit.
Sedra/Smith
18
Figure 8.14 Measuring the output resistance Rof of the seriesseries feedback amplifier.
Sedra/Smith
19
Figure 8.15 Derivation of the A circuit and the b circuit for seriesseries feedback amplifiers. (a) A seriesseries feedback amplifier. (b) The circuit of (a) with the feedback network represented by its z parameters.
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 20
Figure 8.15 (Continued) (c) A redrawing of the circuit in (b) with z21 neglected.
Sedra/Smith
21
Figure 8.16 Finding the A circuit and b for the voltage-mixing current-sampling (seriesseries) case.
Sedra/Smith
22
Sedra/Smith
23
Sedra/Smith
24
Sedra/Smith
25
Sedra/Smith
26
Sedra/Smith
27
Figure 8.20 Finding the A circuit and b for the current-mixing voltage-sampling (shuntshunt) feedback amplifier in Fig. 8.19.
Sedra/Smith
28
Sedra/Smith
29
Sedra/Smith
30
Sedra/Smith
31
Sedra/Smith
32
Figure 8.24 Finding the A circuit and b for the current-mixing current-sampling (shuntseries) feedback amplifier of Fig. 8.23.
Sedra/Smith
33
Sedra/Smith
34
Sedra/Smith
35
Sedra/Smith
36
Figure E8.7
Sedra/Smith
37
Figure 8.26 A conceptual feedback loop is broken at XXand a test voltage Vt is applied. The impedance Zt is equal to that previously seen looking to the left of XX. The loop gain Ab = Vr/Vt, where Vr is the returned voltage. As an alternative, Ab can be determined by finding the open-circuit transfer function Toc, as in (c), and the short-circuit transfer function Tsc, as in (d), and combining them as indicated.
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 38
Figure 8.27 The loop gain of the feedback loop in (a) is determined in (b) and (c).
Sedra/Smith
39
Sedra/Smith
40
Sedra/Smith
41
Figure 8.30 Effect of feedback on (a) the pole location and (b) the frequency response of an amplifier having a single-pole open-loop response.
Sedra/Smith
42
Figure 8.31 Root-locus diagram for a feedback amplifier whose open-loop transfer function has two real poles.
Sedra/Smith
43
Sedra/Smith
44
Figure 8.33 Normalized gain of a two-pole feedback amplifier for various values of Q. Note that Q is determined by the loop gain according to Eq. (8.65).
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 45
Sedra/Smith
46
Figure 8.35 Root-locus diagram for an amplifier with three poles. The arrows indicate the pole movement as A0b is increased.
Sedra/Smith
47
Figure E8.13
Sedra/Smith
48
Figure 8.36 Bode plot for the loop gain Ab illustrating the definitions of the gain and phase margins.
Sedra/Smith
49
Sedra/Smith
50
Figure 8.38 Frequency compensation for b = 10-2. The response labeled A is obtained by introducing an additional pole at fD. The A response is obtained by moving the original low-frequency pole to f D.
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 51
Figure 8.39 (a) Two cascaded gain stages of a multistage amplifier. (b) Equivalent circuit for the interface between the two stages in (a). (c) Same circuit as in (b) but with a compensating capacitor CC added. Note that the analysis here applies equally well to MOS amplifiers.
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 52
Figure 8.40 (a) A gain stage in a multistage amplifier with a compensating capacitor connected in the feedback path and (b) an equivalent circuit. Note that although a BJT is shown, the analysis applies equally well to the MOSFET case.
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 53
Sedra/Smith
54
Figure 8.42 Circuits for simulating (a) the open-circuit voltage transfer function Toc and (b) the short-circuit current transfer function Tsc of the feedback amplifier in Fig. 8.41 for the purpose of computing its loop gain.
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith Copyright 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 55
Figure 8.43 Circuit for simulating the loop gain of the feedback amplifier circuit in Fig. 8.41 using the replica-circuit method.
Sedra/Smith
56
Figure 8.44 (a) Magnitude and (b) phase of the loop gain Ab of the feedback amplifier circuit in Fig. 8.41.
Sedra/Smith
57
Figure P8.4
Sedra/Smith
58
Figure P8.19
Sedra/Smith
59
Figure P8.26
Sedra/Smith
60
Figure P8.30
Sedra/Smith
61
Figure P8.32
Sedra/Smith
62
Figure P8.33
Sedra/Smith
63
Figure P8.34
Sedra/Smith
64
Figure P8.35
Sedra/Smith
65
Figure P8.38
Sedra/Smith
66
Figure P8.39
Sedra/Smith
67
Figure P8.40
Sedra/Smith
68
Figure P8.42
Sedra/Smith
69
Figure P8.44
Sedra/Smith
70
Figure P8.46
Sedra/Smith
71
Figure P8.48
Sedra/Smith
72
Figure P8.51
Sedra/Smith
73
Figure P8.52
Sedra/Smith
74
Figure P8.81
Sedra/Smith
75