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BY
DR. MUDASSAR ALI ROOMI (MBBS, M. Phil.)
by using this mechanism of moving parallax, one can tell the relative distances of different objects even though only one eye is used. It is almost entirely this moving or binocular parallax (or stereopsis) that gives a person with two eyes far greater ability to judge relative distances when objects are nearby than a person who has only one eye. However, stereopsisis virtually useless for depth perception at distances beyond 50 to 200 feet.
Opthalmoscope
An instrument to examine the inside of eye, especially the retina and optic disc It has a light source on the end. Eye can be magnified. We can look directly through the pupil to the back of eye.
Opthalmoscopy
visual acuity
Ability of the eye to determine the precise shape and details of the object is called visual acuity For humans, it is 30 seconds of an arc.
Cones are selectively sensitive to different colours: Blue Green Red Only one of three types of color pigments is present in each of the different cones These color pigments are respectively called: Blue-sensitive pigment Green sensitive pigment Red-sensitive pigment
YOUNG-HELMHOLTZ THEORY(theory of trichromatic color vision)
How retina detects the different gradations of color in the visual spectrum?
Human eye can detect all gradations of colors. Red, green & blue monochromatic light mixed in different combinations.
CLOR BLINDNESS
The term Colour blindness is misleading if taken literally, because colourblind people CAN see colors, but cannot make out the difference between some complementary colors.
COLOR BLINDNESS
CAUSE: Due to congenital absence of a single group of color receptive cones from the eyes Person is unable to distinguish some colors from others. Usually..absence of either L (Red) cones or M (Green) cones. People with two functional cones are called Dichromate.
Blue weakness
Rarely blue cones are missing. Genetically inherited state.
IshiharaCharts were made by a Japanese ophthalmologistShinobu Ishihara(1879-1963). He was working at the Military Medical School He was asked to devise a test to screen military recruits for abnormalities of colour vision. His assistant was a colourblind physician who helped him test the plates.
ISHIHARA
CHARTS.
The person with normal color vision reads 74, where as the red green blind person reads 21.
ISHIHARA
CHARTS.
Person with normal vision reads 42, red blind person reads2,and green blind person reads 4.
Eye Movements are Controlled by Neural Pathways for Control of Eye Movementairs of Muscles.
Superior and inferior obliques rotate the eyes Medial and lateral recti move eyes side to side Superior and inferior recti move eyes up and down
Figure 51-7; Guyton & Hall
Fixation Movement:
Movement of eyes to bring a discrete portion of visual field into focus on the fovea. Controlled by Frontal eye fields Brodmanns area 8 and 19
Saccadic Movement Jumping of eyes from one object to another. each jump is called a Saccade and the movement is called Opticokinetic movements. Pursuit Movement Fixation of eyes to a moving object
The Superior Colliculi are mainly responsible for orienting the eyes and head towards a visual or auditory stimulus