Chemical Reactions

http://lincoln.pps.k12.or.us/lscheffler/TypeRx.html http://chemvis.tamu.edu/molvis/Summer%2002/Summe r_02_Learning_Cycles/ER_earning%20Cycle.pdf

A chemical equation is used to describe a reaction taking place.

New substances are formed Bonds in the reactants are broken and formed in the products, resulting in energy changes. There is a fixed relationship between the number of particles of reactants and products=> law of conservation of mass

N2 (g) +

3H2 (g) =>2 NH3 (g)

1. Synthesis

A synthesis reaction is when two or more simple compounds combine to form a single one. A + B ---> AB

2 H2 + O2 2 H2O

CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2

2. Decomposition

One substance splits into two or more substances.

AB ---> A + B
CaCO3 CaO + CO2 2 KClO3 + 2 KCl + 3 O2 Ca(OH)2 CaO + H2O Carbonates decompose to oxides and carbon dioxide Chlorates decompose to chlorides and oxygen Hydroxides decompose to oxides and water

3. Single Replacement
This is when one element trades places with another element in a compound.

A + BC ---> AC + B
Zn + 2 HCl ZnCl2 + H2

3CuSO4 + 2Al Al2 (SO4 )3 + 3Cu

F2 + 2HCl Cl2 + 2HF

Simulation on Single Replacement: http://intro.chem.okstate.edu/1515F01/Laboratory/ActivityofMetals/home.html Activity Series: http://www.fact-index.com/a/ac/activity_series_of_metals.html

4. Double Replacement

Two positive ions trade places in the compounds: a gas or a precipitate may form. AB + CD ---> AD + CB

AgNO3(aq) + NaCl (aq)---> AgCl(s) + NaNO3 (aq)

http://web.fccj.org/~smilczan/Two5/DR.html

Solubility Rules
1 . All compounds containing alkali metal cations and the ammonium ion are soluble. 2. All compounds containing NO3-, ClO4-, ClO3-, and C2H3O2- anions are soluble. 3. All chlorides, bromides, and iodides are soluble except those containing Ag+, Pb2+, or Hg22+. 4. All sulfates are soluble except those containing Hg22+, Pb2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, or Ba2+. 5. All hydroxides are insoluble except compounds of the alkali metals, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+. 6 . All compounds containing PO43-, S2-, CO32-, and SO32- ions are insoluble except those that also contain alkali metals or NH4+.

Ethane, C2H6 , burns in the presence of oxygen to form CO2 and H2O. If 8.00 g of oxygen are used, how many moles of CO2 will be produced?

A.
B. 0.286 C. 0.438

0.143

D. 1.00
Chloroethene can be burned in oxygen as shown below. What is the value of w when v = 2? vC2H3Cl(g) + wO2(g) xCO2(g) + yH2O(g) + zHCl(g) A. B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 2

5. Combustion
Most burning reactions are the oxidation of a fuel material with oxygen gas. Complete burning produces carbon dioxide from all the carbon in the fuel and water from the hydrogen in the fuel.

Limiting Reactant: Cookies

1 cup butter 1/2 cup white sugar 1 cup brown sugar 1 teaspoon vanilla extract 2 eggs 2 1/2 cups flour 1 teaspoon baking soda 1 teaspoon salt 2 cups chocolate chips Makes 3 dozen

If we had the specified amount of all ingredients listed, could we make 4 dozen cookies? What if we had 6 eggs and twice as much of everything else, could we make 9 dozen cookies? What if we only had one egg, could we make 3 dozen cookies?

Limiting Reactant

Most of the time in chemistry we have more of one reactant than we need to completely use up other reactant. That reactant is said to be in excess (there is too much). The other reactant limits how much product we get. Once it runs out, the reaction stops. This is called the limiting reactant.

Limiting Reactant Practice

1. How many grams of NO are produced if are burned in 20 mol O2? 4 moles NH3

By calculating the amount of the excess reactant needed to completely react with the limiting reactant, we can subtract that amount from the given amount to find the amount of excess. Can we find the amount of excess potassium in the previous problem?

Finding the Amount of Excess

Percent Yield
The theoretical yield of a reaction is the amount of product that would be formed if the reaction went to completion. It is based on the stoichiometry of the reaction and ideal conditions in which starting material is completely consumed, undesired side reactions do not occur, the reverse reaction does not occur, and there no losses in the work-up procedure. http://orgchem.colorado.edu/hndbksupport/labnb/theoryi eld.html

After your laboratory reaction is complete, you will isolate and measure the amount of product, then compare the actual yield to the theoretical yield to determine the percent yield:

A)Calculate the theoretical yield of C2H5Cl if 112 g of C2H5OH is reacted with 34.7 g of PCl3 based on the reaction below. B)If 23.7 g of C2H5Cl is produced, what is the percent yield?

3 C2H5OH + PCl3 => 3 C2H5Cl + H3PO3