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Maxillary Bone
Nasomaxillary Zygomaticomaxillary
Pterygomaxillary
Posterior Buttress
Fascia of Mid-face
SUPERFICIAL
DEEP
Temporoparietal fascia -TP fascia extends cephalad onto temporal fossa and
eventually becomes galea aponeurosis of the scalp.
MAXILLECTOM Y
Surgical excision of Maxilla or a part of it. Performed for treatment of tumours of the --maxilla, --palate, --oral cavity with maxillary involvement, --nose and sinuses --infective conditions, particularly osteomyelitis of invasive fungal etiology
The morbidity associated with maxillectomy is rarely petty and potentially includes:
inefficient mastication Inarticulate speech and hindered communication Uncontrollable nasal leakage of fluids Impairment of deglutition and nutrition Decreased or altered taste perception Inability to control saliva Inability to make lip closure Diplopia, distorted orbital function and vision Xerostomia (if undergone radiation) Difficulty in maintenance or oral hygiene Pain, and Psychological damage and social unacceptability.
Total maxillectomies performed by Dupuytren and Gensoul in 1820 and 1824? First recorded maxillectomy by Liston in 1841 Extensive review published by Ohngren in 1933
Ohngrens lines
Type I to IV
Type IV (Orbitomaxillectomy)
Upper 5 walls, preservation of palate
Limited: Removal of any one wall of antrum. Subtotal: Atleast 2 walls are removed, including the palate. Total: Complete resection of Maxilla. Partial: Used interchangeably with subtotal. Radical: Was previously used for surgery now addressed as total Maxillectomy. Extended:Removal of bony structures other than maxilla, like nasal bones. ethmoids.
Class Ia: defects that involve the hard palate but not the tooth bearing alveolus.
Class Ib: defects that involve any portion of the maxillary alveolus and dentition posterior to the canines or that which involved the premaxilla.
Class II: defects that involve any portion of the tooth bearing maxillary alveolus but included only 1 canine. Also included in this class are anterior transverse palatectomy defects that involve less than one half of the palatal surface.
Class III: defects that involve any portion of the tooth bearing maxillary alveolus and included both the canines,total palatectomy defects, and anterior transverse palactectomy that involve more than half of the palatal surface. These defects have a poor prosthetic prognosis.
Classification by Brown et al
Vertical component: Class 1to 4 Horizontal component: Class a, b, c
Class1-Maxillectomy with no oro antral fistula, resection of alveolar bone only. Resection of hard palate producing oro antral communication leaving tooth bearing portion intact.
Class 3-High Maxillectomy-Resection , orbital floor is sacrificed, may also include resection of skull base.
Horizontal Component:
Class3: Palatal defect in the central portion of hard palate amd may involve part of soft palate.
Class 5: Surgical defect is bilateral and lies posterior to reamaining abutment teeth.
SURGICAL PROCEDURES:
Incisions for Subtotal and Total Maxillectomy: -Weber-Ferguson incision. -Weber-Ferguson incision with Lynch extension. -Weber-Ferguson incision with lateral subciliary extension. -Weber-Ferguson incision with lateral subciliary and supraciliary extension
The presence of a healed wound; Separation of oral and nasal cavities; Support and suspension of dynamic facial soft tissue, including avoidance of ectropion; Restoration of the midfacial contour Restoration of maxillary buttresses; Restoration of functional dentition, Mastication, and deglutition; Maintenance of a patent nasal airway; and, Reestablishment of globe position or addressing an exenterated cavity cosmetically.
Approach to Reconstruction
Extent of resection
Volume
Maxillectomy and midface defects result in major functional and aesthetic abnormalities Reconstruction depends on the size and individual components of the resected tissue Large defects often require the use of free tissue transfer Obturation can result in good functional results, but requires constant patient care
classification:
Pedicled flaps ( Temporalis flap)Class 1 or 2a Obturators, soft tissue free flap, or composite free flaps-- Class 1,2,or 3,a or b. Free flap reconstruction Class 2c,3c or 4.
VERTICAL COMPONEN T
HORIZONTAL COMPONENT
Require a solid anchor point to be successful. Additional support with: Transmalar placement of Steinmann pins. Zygomaticus implants.
OBTURATOR:
In favour: -Can be removed-early detection of reccurence. -Retention better than prosthesis constructed on a surgical flap. -Support for soft tissues- better facial appearance.
Against of: -Requires frequent adjustment. -May be bulky and difficult to insert. -Open cavity , when prosthesis removed. -Frequent crusting is unpleasant to patie nt.
Best suited for medium sized defects up to a maximum of 4cm in diameter. Can be used to cover Class 1 and 2a Maxillectomy defects with extension to the midline.
Against: Prolonged operative procedure Donor site morbidity. Difficult to visually detect early recurrence of tumour.
Free Flaps
-Osseocutaneous composite flaps allows potential to place ossointegrated implants, providing superior retentive surfaces and support.
Radial forearm flap. Scapular/ Parascapular flap. The fibular flap Iliac crest .
Colemann 1988 advocated first the use of Deep circumflex Iliac Artery based Composite flap. In low Maxillectomy defect iliac crest graft can be placed horizontally , with the crest buccally and main body of the bone lying in the plane of the palate. Internal oblique muscle can then be attached to iliac crest and draped mediallly and sutured to medial residual plate.
In the high or complex Maxillectomy defects, iliac crest can be oriented vertically with the crest, replacing the alveolus and the main body of bone replacing the maxillary buttress and anterior maxilla. Drilling holes in the iliac crest can also be done to facilitate placement of sutures. Also has been possible to osteotomize the iliac crest.
ADVANTAGES:
Reconstruction of extensive composite defect cam be accomplished in single stage. Endosteal and Periosteal circulation ensures sufficient osseus circulation and rapid bone healing. Muscle can be mobilized sufficiently for restoration of soft tissues of the midface. Internal oblique muscle provides an ideal lining for the mouth and nose. Most abundant bone for the placement of Implants and support of the orbit. Concealment of donor site is possible.
Disadvantages:
Bulk complicates reconstruction in certain recipient site defects. May cause sensory loss of lateral thigh resulting from loss of lateral cutaneous nerve. Abdominal herniation may be a problem if closure is not possible. May cause denervation of rectus abdominis through interruption of its motor nerve supply.
The main tissue loss in the maxillectomy defect without the loss of facial or nasal skin is bone, which we can reconstruct in terms of from and true function. Any algorithm must therefore be based on the restoration of the bony skeleton as the most important part of the proposed reconstruction.
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