INTRODUCTION TO UMTS

RF Optimization - South

Contents

 Overview of 3G 3G Spectrum Multiple Access and Duplex Technology Characteristics of WCDMA System CDMA Principle and RAKE technology

Characteristics of WCDMA FDD

Advantages of WCDMA Performance Enhancement Methods

Overview of 3G

We have 4 generations of mobile/data communications: 1G analog cellular mobile communication, ex: AMPS (advanced mobile phone system). Disadvantages: no high speed services, limited types of services etc.. To Solve these disadvantages 2G was developed. 2G ex: DAMPS or IS-54 of USA using 800MHZ & the IS-95 (CDMA mode) European using 800 or 1900MHZ. 2ndG GSM system uses FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) &TDMA modes and each carrier has 8 channels 200KHZ apart. Advantages: transmission of voice& low speed data service. 2.5G and 2.75G address the medium rate data transmission using GPRS and EGPRS.

3G system can provide multiple kinds of high quality multimedia services. It has a very large capacity which is 10 times that of analog.
4G system that is known as LTE (Long Term Evolution). It is capable of reaching 100Mbps in the DL and 50Mbps in the UL.

3G has two standardizing bodies: 3GPP(3G partnership project) &3GPP2. 3GPP adopts the WCDMA technologies to construct a new RAN and a core switching network. 3GPP2 adopts the cdma2000 which is applied for radio access.

In 3G there are three types of services: Circuit Switched: This includes voice and video calls. Packet Switched (Real Time): Like Streaming sessions. Packet Switched (Non-Real Time): This includes services like Email and MMS.

There are four traffic classes in 3G: Conversational Streaming Interactive Background

Traffic class

Conversational class

Streaming class

Interactive class

Background - Destination is not expecting the data within a certain time

Fundamental - Preserve time characteristics relation (variation) between information entities of the stream Conversational pattern (stringent and low delay ) Example of the - voice, application videotelephone

- Preserve time - Request relation (variation) response pattern between information entities of the stream

- Preserve payload - Preserve payload content content VOD, Web broadcast - Web browsing, network games - background download of emails

 conversational
AMR speech service Video telephony CS64

streaming interactive
Web-browsing. Games

background
e-mail delivery SMS ...

UMTS System Architecture:

CN
Iu

UTRAN
Uu

UE

UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network CN Core Network UE User Equipment

 UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) is the 3G mobile

telecommunication system that uses WCDMA as air interface. UMTS consists of UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network), CN &UE. RAN is used to process all radio related functions. CN is used to process all voice calls and data connections & it implements the function of external network switching &routing, CN is divided into CS which covers MSC, VLR, IWF, GMSC, &PS which provides packet data services for subscribers. This includes the SGSN & GGSN.

UTRAN System Architecture:

 UTRAN is divided into RNC (radio network controller) it implements connection

establishment modulation/demodulation and Node B is the base station of WCDMA system. UE is divided into ME &USIM (UMTS subscriber module). R99 network structure has considered the 2G/3G compatibility so as to support the smooth transition of GSM/GPRS/3G.

IuR interface has been added that interconnects two RNCs

GSM and UMTS connectivity:

3G Spectrum

-1920-1980 and 2110-2170 MHz (UL / DL) Frequency Division Duplex (FDD, W-CDMA) Paired uplink and downlink, -12 paired channels with spacing=5MHZ. -UARFCN = 5 * (frequency in MHz)

Multiple Access and Duplex Technology

 Multiple access technology

Time division multiple access (TDMA) Frequency division multiple access (FDMA) Code division multiple access (CDMA)
Duplex technology

Time division duplex (TDD) Frequency division duplex (FDD)

Characteristics of WCDMA System

 High Spectral Efficiency Frequency multiplex coefficient is 1. Soft capacity Quality Coverage Interference Self-interference system A UE transmission power is interference for another UE.

CDMA Principle and RAKE Technology

Correlation
Correlation is a measure of similarity of between any two arbitrary signals. EXAMPLE:
+1 0 -1 +1 0 -1 +1 0 -1

-1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 1 correlation Identical signals -1 1 -1 1 11 11 -1 1 -1 1 Zero correlation Orthogonal signals

+1 0 -1

OVSF & Walsh

Creating the orthogonal code sequences Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1) Cch,2,0 = (1,1)

Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,1,0 = (1) Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1) Cch,2,1 = (1,-1) Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4

Autocorrelation
Example: -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1
Correlation

Delay time 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Delay time (chip)

sequence -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1

correlation 1 -1/7 -1/7 -1/7 -1/7 -1/7 -1/7

Autocorrelation is related to the muti-path interference characteristic.

Spreading and Despreading (DS-CDMA)

Symbol

Data Chip Spreading code Spreading signal =Datacode

1 -1 Spreading 1 -1 1 -1

Despreading Spreading code Data =Spreadingcode 1 -1 1 -1

Processing Procedure of CDMA System

Source coding Channel coding Spreading Modulation

Radio channel

Source decoding

Channel decoding

Despreading

Demodulation

Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Despreading

P(f) Spreading code P(f) f Narrowband signal f Broadband signal P(f) f

Noise

Recovered signal P(f)

Signal Combination

Noise+Broadband signal P(f)

Spreading code

Principle of RAKE Receiver

Correlator 1 Correlator 2 Receive set Correlator 3 Searcher correlator s(t) s(t) Calculate the time delay and signal strength Combiner The combined signal

RAKE receiver helps to overcome the multi-path fading and enhances the receive performance of the system

Characteristics of WCDMA FDD

 Channel bandwidth: 5MHz Chip rate: 3.84Mcps Frame length: 10ms Voice coding: AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate)

Uplink and downlink modulation: BPSK/QPSK

Coherence demodulation aided with pilot Fast closed loop power control: 1500Hz

Handover: soft/hard handover

Supports synchronous and asynchronous NodeB operation

 Compatible with GSM-MAP core network Comparatively steady version R99 has been released Supports open loop and closed loop transmit diversity mode Supports Common Packet Channel (CPCH) and Downlink Share Channel.

Supports macro diversity, selection diversity of NodeB location

Supports different fast power control algorithms and open loop, out loop power control Fully support UE locating services

Advantages of WCDMA

RAKE receiver is adopted The time diversity effect generated by channel coherence time is efficiently used. Frequency diversity
Wideband frequency spectrum

Higher interference tolerance and security performance

Low signal transmission power

Great flexibility in carrying multiple services with largely different bit rate and QoS requirement.
Different spreading factors for different services with different data rates

High spectral efficiency

All users can share the same frequency spectrum simultaneously.

Supporting soft handover and softer handover.

Performance Enhancement Methods

HSDPA Key Techniques Overview

AMC

HARQHybrid ARQ

Fast Scheduling

SF16, 2ms and CDM/TDM

16QAM

3 New Physical Channels

HSDPA Key Techniques - AMC

AMC (Adaptive Modulation & Coding) based on Channel Quality Feedback Adjust data rate to compensate channel conditions Good channel condition Higher rate Bad channel condition Lower rate Adjust the coding rate to compensate channel conditions Good channel condition 3/4 Bad channel condition 1/3 Adjust the modulation scheme to compensate channel conditions Good channel condition 16QAM Bad channel condition QPSK Channel Quality Feedback (CQI) UE measures the channel quality (SNR) reports (every 2ms or more cycle) to Node-B Node-B choose modulation and block size, data rate primarily based on CQI
High data rate

Low data rate

HSDPA Key Techniques - HARQ

Conventional ARQ Received Transmitted blocks are decoded Checked for CRC errors on decoded blocks If errors discard the error bolcks Request the trasmitter for retransmission Hybrid ARQ Received Transmitted blocks are decoded Checked for CRC errors on decoded blocks If errors Store the erroneous block without discarding Request the trasmitter for retransmission Combine the received re-trasmission with previously received trasnmisison

HARQ with Soft Combining Packet 1 Packet 1 NodeB Transmitter

Packet2

UE Receiver

Packet1?

Packet 1 + Packet1?

HSDPA Key Techniques - Fast scheduling

Scheduling determines which user shall be transmitted.

Scheduler may be based on CDM, TDM Channel condition

Amount of data waiting in the queue (delay)

Fairness (satisfied users) Cell throughput, etc

HSDPA Key Techniques CDM and TDM

HSDPA Key Techniques 16QAM

Introduction to Diversity Technique

Diversity technique is used to obtain uncorrelated signals for combining Reduce the effects of fading
fast fading caused by multi-path Slow fading caused by shadowing

Improve the reliability of communication Increase the coverage and capacity

Macroscopic diversity
Soft handover and softer handover Reduce large-scale fading

Microscopic diversity

Microscopic Diversity
Time diversity
Channel coding, Block interleaving, error-correction

Frequency diversity
The user signal is distributed on the whole bandwidth frequency spectrum

Space diversity
Receive diversity Transmit diversity

Polarization diversity
Vertical polarization Horizontal polarization

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Basic Combining Methods

Maximal-Ratio Combiner
The multi-path signals are weighted proportional to their signal SNR and then summed.

Equal-Gain Combiner
Equal-gain combining is similar to maximal-ratio combining, but there is no attempt to weight the signal before addition.

Selection Combiner
Choose the signal with the highest instantaneous quality, so the output quality is equal to that of the best incoming signal.

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Smart Antenna

Omni antenna

Directional antenna

Smart antenna

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Thank You