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DNA
1. Double Stranded Helix 2. Hydrogen Bonds between Nitrogenous Base Pairs 3. Adenine-Thymine and Guanine-Cytosine
Gene
A gene is a segment of DNA A gene is a sequence of nucleotides that codes for a functional product (usually a protein) 1 gene = 1000s of base pairs 41000 possibilities of combinations
When a gene is expressed, DNA is transcribed to produce RNA and RNA is then translated to produce proteins.
Replication
The duplication of DNA which occurs during the S phase of Interphase. 1 Strand 2 Complementary Strands DNA Polymerase
phosphate
Sugar / phosphate strand Nitrogenous base rung
deoxyribose sugar
DNA nucleotide
Deoxyribose sugar Nitrogenous base (guanine) ribose sugar
RNA nucleotide
phosphate
phosphate
Step 3: DNA nucleotides in the cell match up with each side of the unzipped DNA each unzipped strands forms a template for a new strand
Step 4: Each old strand forms a template for a new strand two identical DNA molecules form
Transcription
The process by which a molecule of DNA is copied into a complementary strand of RNA. 1 Strand DNA 2 Strands RNA RNA Polymerase
DNA
RNA
Step 3: RNA nucleotides in the cell match up with only one side of the unzipped DNA each unzipped strands forms a template for a mRNA strand
RNA nucleotide
mRNA strand
mRNA strand
Step 6: Once the mRNA leaves, the DNA zips back together
Translation
The process in which the information in the nucleotide base sequence of mRNA is used to dictate the amino acid sequence of a protein. 1 Strand RNA Amino Acid Chain Protein
The problem: How does a particular sequence of nucleotides specify a particular sequence of amino acids?
By means of transfer RNA molecules, each specific for one amino acid and for a particular triplet of nucleotides in mRNA called a codon. The family of tRNA molecules enables the codons in a mRNA molecule to be translated into the sequence of amino acids in the protein.
Why Is It Necessary?
DNA / Nucleus Ribosomes / Cytoplasm Need a Messenger
Definitions
Codon 1. Three-base segment of mRNA that specify amino acids. 2. Sense Codons 3. Nonsense Codons Anticodon 1. Three-base segment of tRNA that dock with a codon. 2. Docking results in deposition of amino acid.
Protein Synthesis
Proteins are coded directly from the mRNA with 3 bases (one codon) for each amino acid. Whats up with that?
Mutation
A change in the nitrogenous base sequence of DNA; that change causes a change in the product coded for by the mutated gene.
Mutations
What happens when you get insertions or deletions of bases in the DNA sequence? Usually you end up with a mess.
THE BIG FAT CAT ATE THE RAT AND GOT ILL
Deletion of one base
Sickle-Cell Anemia
Definitions
Carcinogens Substances and preparations which, if they are inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin; may induce cancer or increase its incidence and can affect any cells or tissues Mutagens may induce hereditary genetic defects or increase their incidence and effect the germ cells (gonads) Teratogens may induce non-hereditary congenital malformations or increase their incidence and effect the growing fetus
Mutagens
Tobacco products Nitrous Acid Mold Toxins X-rays Gamma Rays UV Radiation Some Artificial Sweeteners