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Replication Transcription Translation

DNA
1. Double Stranded Helix 2. Hydrogen Bonds between Nitrogenous Base Pairs 3. Adenine-Thymine and Guanine-Cytosine

Gene
A gene is a segment of DNA A gene is a sequence of nucleotides that codes for a functional product (usually a protein) 1 gene = 1000s of base pairs 41000 possibilities of combinations

A Gene is a Segment of DNA

When a gene is expressed, DNA is transcribed to produce RNA and RNA is then translated to produce proteins.

Genotype and Phenotype


Genotype 1. Genetic Composition of an Organism 2. Represents the Potential Properties
Phenotype 1. The Expression of the Genes 2. What You See

Replication
The duplication of DNA which occurs during the S phase of Interphase. 1 Strand 2 Complementary Strands DNA Polymerase

One More Time!

Hydrogen bond (H-bonds)

thymine adenine cytosine guanine

phosphate
Sugar / phosphate strand Nitrogenous base rung

deoxyribose sugar

DNA nucleotide
Deoxyribose sugar Nitrogenous base (guanine) ribose sugar

RNA nucleotide

phosphate

phosphate

Nitrogenous base (uracil)

Step 1: Hydrogen bonds between complimentary bases break DNA unzips

Step 2: DNA strands pull apart from each other

Step 3: DNA nucleotides in the cell match up with each side of the unzipped DNA each unzipped strands forms a template for a new strand

Step 4: Each old strand forms a template for a new strand two identical DNA molecules form

new strand, identical sequence to the original

old (original) strand

Transcription
The process by which a molecule of DNA is copied into a complementary strand of RNA. 1 Strand DNA 2 Strands RNA RNA Polymerase

DNA

RNA

Label the Following

One More Time!

Step 1: Hydrogen bonds between complimentary bases break DNA unzips

Step 2: DNA strands pull apart from each other

Step 3: RNA nucleotides in the cell match up with only one side of the unzipped DNA each unzipped strands forms a template for a mRNA strand

RNA nucleotide

Step 4: RNA nucleotides continue to match up with unzipped DNA


until the message is completely transcribed

mRNA strand

One side of DNA strand

mRNA strand

Step 4: mRNA strand breaks off from the DNA strand


One side of DNA strand

Step 5: mRNA strand leaves the nucleus for the ribosome

Step 6: Once the mRNA leaves, the DNA zips back together

Translation
The process in which the information in the nucleotide base sequence of mRNA is used to dictate the amino acid sequence of a protein. 1 Strand RNA Amino Acid Chain Protein

The problem: How does a particular sequence of nucleotides specify a particular sequence of amino acids?

By means of transfer RNA molecules, each specific for one amino acid and for a particular triplet of nucleotides in mRNA called a codon. The family of tRNA molecules enables the codons in a mRNA molecule to be translated into the sequence of amino acids in the protein.

RNA and Protein Synthesis


RNA is a Single Stranded Nucleic Acid RNA Acts as a Messenger between DNA and Ribosomes Process Takes Amino Acids and Forms Proteins

Why Is It Necessary?
DNA / Nucleus Ribosomes / Cytoplasm Need a Messenger

Definitions
Codon 1. Three-base segment of mRNA that specify amino acids. 2. Sense Codons 3. Nonsense Codons Anticodon 1. Three-base segment of tRNA that dock with a codon. 2. Docking results in deposition of amino acid.

Protein Synthesis
Proteins are coded directly from the mRNA with 3 bases (one codon) for each amino acid. Whats up with that?

Mutation
A change in the nitrogenous base sequence of DNA; that change causes a change in the product coded for by the mutated gene.

Mutations
What happens when you get insertions or deletions of bases in the DNA sequence? Usually you end up with a mess.

THE BIG FAT CAT ATE THE RAT AND GOT ILL
Deletion of one base

THE IGF ATC ATA TET HER ATA NDG OTI LL


And its all pops and buzzes.

Sickle-Cell Anemia

Definitions
Carcinogens Substances and preparations which, if they are inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate the skin; may induce cancer or increase its incidence and can affect any cells or tissues Mutagens may induce hereditary genetic defects or increase their incidence and effect the germ cells (gonads) Teratogens may induce non-hereditary congenital malformations or increase their incidence and effect the growing fetus

Mutagens
Tobacco products Nitrous Acid Mold Toxins X-rays Gamma Rays UV Radiation Some Artificial Sweeteners

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