INTRODUCTION

Three-phase induction motors are the most

common and frequently encountered machines in
industry.
Simple design, rugged, low-price, easy
maintenance.
wide range of power ratings: fractional
horsepower to 10 MW .
Run essentially as constant speed from no-load
to full load.
Its speed depends on the frequency of the power
source
not easy to have variable speed control
requires a variable-frequency power-electronic
drive for optimal speed control


Construction
An induction motor has two main parts
A Stationary stator
consisting of a steel frame that supports a hollow,
cylindrical core
core, constructed from stacked laminations (why?),
having a number of evenly spaced slots, providing the
space for the stator winding
A Revolving rotor
composed of punched laminations, stacked to create a
series of rotor slots, providing space for the rotor winding
one of two types of rotor windings
conventional 3-phase windings made of insulated wire
(wound-rotor) similar to the winding on the stator
aluminum bus bars shorted together at the ends by two
aluminum rings, forming a squirrel-cage shaped circuit
(squirrel-cage)


Rotating Magnetic Field
Balanced three phase
windings, i.e. mechanically
displaced 120 degrees form
each other, fed by balanced
three phase source.
A rotating magnetic field
with constant magnitude is
produced, rotating with a
speed.




120
e
sync
f
n rpm
P
=
Principle of operation


When balanced three-phase voltage is applied to the
windings of the stator, the balanced three-phase currents
flows in three interconnected phase windings.
This rotating magnetic field cuts the rotor windings and
produces an induced voltage in the rotor windings.
The rotor current produces another magnetic field
A torque is produced as a result of the interaction of those
two magnetic fields
Induction Motor Speed
IM will always run at a speed lower than the
synchronous speed
The difference between the motor speed and the
synchronous speed is called the Slip speed



Where n
slip
= slip speed
n
sync
= speed of the magnetic field
n
m
= mechanical shaft speed of the motor
slip sync m
n n n =
The Slip

sync m
sync
n n
s
n

=
Where s is the slip
Notice that : if the rotor runs at synchronous speed
s = 0
if the rotor is stationary
s = 1
Slip may be expressed as a percentage by multiplying the
above eq. by 100, notice that the slip is a ratio and doesnt
have units
Type of INDUCTION MOTOR
There are two category of Induction motor
1.Squirrel cage motors


induction motor
9
2.Slip Ring Motor
The rotor contains windings similar to stator.

The connections from rotor are brought out using slip rings
that
are rotating with the rotor and carbon brushes that are static.
Torque-speed characteristics
Typical torque-speed characteristics of induction motor
Comments
1. The induced torque is zero at synchronous
speed. Discussed earlier.
2. The curve is nearly linear between no-load and
full load. In this range, the rotor resistance is
much greater than the reactance, so the rotor
current, torque increase linearly with the slip.
3. There is a maximum possible torque that cant
be exceeded. This torque is called pullout
torque and is 2 to 3 times the rated full-load
torque.
4. The starting torque of the motor is slightly higher
than its full-load torque, so the motor will start
carrying any load it can supply at full load.
5. The torque of the motor for a given slip varies as the
square of the applied voltage.
6. If the rotor is driven faster than synchronous speed it
will run as a generator, converting mechanical power
to electric power.
COMPLETE TORQUE SPEED C/C
Maximum torque
Maximum torque occurs when the power
transferred to R
2
/s is maximum.
This condition occurs when R
2
/s equals the
magnitude of the impedance R
TH
+ j (X
TH
+ X
2
)
max
2 2
2
2
( )
TH TH
T
R
R X X
s
= + +
max
2
2 2
2
( )
T
TH TH
R
s
R X X
=
+ +
The corresponding maximum torque of an induction
motor equals




The slip at maximum torque is directly proportional to
the rotor resistance R
2

The maximum torque is independent of R
2
2
max
2 2
2
3 1
2
( )
TH
s
TH TH TH
V
R R X X
t
e
| |
|
=
|
+ + +
\ .
Maximum torque
Effect of rotor resistance on torque-speed
characteristic
Losses & Efficiency
Motor losses may be categorized as those which are
Fixed losses are assumed to be constant at all conditions
of motor loading from no load to full rated load .
Fixed losses include magnetic core losses (hysteresis and
eddy current) and mechanical friction losses (bearing
friction, brush friction, and air friction or windage)

Variable Losses are those that vary with the load on the
motor and thus with the motor current.
These losses increase as the load on the motor, and
therefore as the current drawn by the motor, increase.
They are primarily the power lost in the resistance of the
motor windings and are often called copper losses, or I2R
losses.
Variable losses also include stray load losses such as
minor variations in fixed losses with load and speed and
other small miscellaneous losses.
Motor Efficiency is the output of the motor divided by the
electrical input to the motor; usually expressed as a
percentage power or work output which is input less losses.
Efficiency (%) = Watts output x 100 / Watts input
= 746 x HP x 100 / (V x I x PF)
= (Input Losses) x 100 / Input
= Output x 100 / (Output + losses)
Motor energy losses can be segregated into five major areas, each
of which is influenced by design and construction decision.

1. Stator power Losses (Iron & Copper loss)
2. Rotor power Losses (Iron & Copper loss)
3. Magnetic core Loss (Hysteresis & Eddy current)
4. Friction and windage
5. Stray load losses

How to improve efficiency?
Frictional loss and windage loss are constant, independent of shaft load,
and are typically very small.
The major losses are iron loss and copper loss.
The iron loss is essentially constant and independent of shaft load, while
the copper loss is an I2R loss which is shaft load dependent.
The iron loss is voltage dependent and will reduce with reducing voltage.
1) Stator Power Losses Stator losses appear as heating due to current flow
(I) through the resistance (R) of the stator winding. This is commonly
referred to as an I
2
R loss.
Stator Losses = I
2
R
I
2
R losses can be reduced by modifying the stator slot design or by decreasing
insulation thickness to increase the volume of wire in the stator.
the winding resistance is inversely proportional to the weight of copper
conductors used in the stator winding.
2) Rotor Losses
Rotor losses consist of copper and iron losses. During normal operation of
induction motors, since the slip is very small, the magnetic reversals in the rotor
core are only in the order of one or two per second. The iron losses caused by this
are very small and hence can be neglected.
Rotor Losses = Copper losses = input power to rotor output power of rotor
The rotor loss is a function of slip. Rotor losses can be reduced by increasing the
size of the conductive bars and end rings to produce a lower resistance, or by
reducing the electrical current.
1. MAINTAIN VOLTAGE LEVELS
2. ELIMINATE PHASE UNBALANCE
3. MAINTAIN HIGH POWER FACTOR
4. USE ENERGY EFFICIENT MOTORS

Why Choose Energy-Efficient Motors?
In comparison to standard motors, high efficiency motors are approximately
20% more expensive.
however the increased costs are justified with an attractive payback period in
most of the cases.
The following table provides a comparison of the operating costs for 50 HP
motor over 20 years life span .

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