Phenomenon in between wars Mass Politics Communication motion pictures, radio Irrational ideologies Anti-Semitism, glorification of violence, extreme

e nationalism Social Darwinism racists, domination of th weaker

1920s 1930s Complete control of the economic, social, intellectual, and cultural aspects of peoples lives Totalitarian Tyranny Fascism, Nazism, and Communism Feuding Brothers with a common father WAR - Elie Halevy Era of Tyrannies

Italia Irredenta unredeemed Italy Italian Nationalism Dissatisfied with the spoils of war Victor Emmanuel III (1900-1946) Parliamentary Democracy Prime Minister

Political Muddle no dominate political party Peasants seized land Industrial Strikes Lack of democratic tradition Threat of Communism Irredenta unredeemed Italy

1883-1945 Il Duce Italian Dictator (19221945) School teacher, journalist, public speaker, political agitator Fascism

Comes from the Latin word fasces In ancient Rome, the fasces were cylindrical bundles of wooden rods, tied tightly together around an axe. They symbolize unity and power.

Fascism is the totalitarian philosophy of government that glorifies the state and nation and assigns to the state control over every aspect of national life.

Extreme right-wing ideology Ultra Nationalism Class unity not Class struggle Militarism Glorification of Force Use of Violence suppress opposition Subordination of individual to the state Disdain for liberalism, communism, intellectuals, arts

Secret Police/Censorship One political party World Conquest Anti-capitalistic Propaganda over truth Modern technology mass politics to lie & kill Controlled Mass Media

Suppressed labor unions Protected industrial and corporate aristocracy Corporate State Censorship state controlled mass media Fraudulent elections, corruption Cult of Personality

CORPORATE STATE Fascism should rightly be called Corporatism, as it is the merger of corporate and government power. Fear of Socialism led many industrialists to back Mussolini ($$$$) Goal end class conflict, increase production, end strikes Reality destroyed workers rights

WEAK GOVT = Order rather than some vague social justice NATIONALISTIC APPEAL = Roman Empire youth, veterans, army ECONOMIC DISTRESS = high taxes WWI, unemployment, landless peasants, inflation FEAR OF COMMUNISM = Bolshevik revolution

Black Shirtsparamilitary group ultra nationalists, exsoldiers Violently attacked socialists, communists, strikes, labor unions

MARCH ON ROME 1922 Threat of a coup detat Victor Emmanuel III appoints Mussolini Prime Minister Elections laws altered Fascists won 2/3rds vote Mussolini ruled by decree Single Party Dictatorship

Giacomo Matteotti (1885-1924) Leader of the United Socialist Party Led the campaign against Mussolini

LATERAN ACCORDS (1929) Pope Pius XI The creation of The Vatican City $85 million Man of Providence
Fascism is a religion. The twentieth century will be known in history as the century of Fascism. -Mussolini

I believe in the high Duce, maker of the Black Shirts, And in Jesus Christ his only protector. Our Savior was conceived by a good teacher and an industrious blacksmith. He was a valiant soldier; he had some enemies. He came down to Rome. On the third day, he reestablished the state. He ascended into the high office. He is seated at the right hand of our Sovereign. From there, he has come to judge Bolshevism. I believe in the wise laws, the Communion of Citizens, the forgiveness of sins, the resurrection of Italy and the eternal force. Amen.

Youth Movement

I believe in Rome, the Eternal, the mother of my countryI believe in the genius of Mussoliniand in the resurrection of the Empire."

Education Make Way for Youth "War is to the male what childbearing is to the female. Believe, Obey, Fight Women tax credits for more children

Racial Laws 1938 Social Darwinism Strong nation vs. weak Strong race vs. weak Anti-Semitism?

Let us have a dagger between our teeth, a bomb in our hands, and an infinite scorn in our hearts.

(1936-1939) First Spanish Republic (1873-1887) Monarchy (1887-1931) Military Dictatorship (1923-1931) Second Republic (1931-1936) Political fragmentation communists, anarchists, monarchists, fascists, republicans

Popular Front Coalition Francisco Franco (1892-1975) Caudillo Leader Spanish General coup detat Right-Wing Falange Party (Nationalists) Aided by Mussolini and Hitler Republicans supported by Stalin

Dress rehearsal for WWII Tested new weapons Mussolini sent 70,000 troops (Nationalists) Hitler sent the latest planes & armaments Stalin sent volunteers to support the Republican cause US, FRANCE, GB, - nonintervention

Salvador Dali (1936) Soft Construction with Beans

One State! One Country! One Chief! Franco! Franco! Franco! Generalisimo commander in chief Criticism = Treason Universal Suffrage eliminated Political Parties outlawed Catholic Church restored