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Social Institutions

Social

Structures that are created to satisfy a particular social need or needs. Examples are:
Family Politics Sports Economics Education Religion

The

family is the most important of all social institutions. The family is very difficult to define, but every society have its own social institution of family.

Social Institution of Family


1. About of the couples in the U.S. who marry will divorce? 2. A new family structure develops after divorce? 3. High school Sweethearts have less than 10% chance of being together 20 years later? 4. In more than 50% of marriages, both the husband and wife work outside of the home? 5. The divorce rate has been steadily climbing since 1960?

Functions of a Family
Reproductive/Procreates

bear children for new generation, society can not survive. Regulates Sexual Activity teaches children the culture of society. Socialize/Transmits Culture transmit societal culture from one generation to the next. Ascribe Status confer status of class, race, ethnicity, power, prestige, etc on children. Economic Function provides what is needed for survival.

Intro - Defining The Family Difficult to define. Means different things to different people. Families comes in all shapes and sizes. Families are defined by how they are created. Family of Birth Family by marriage

Family & Marriage Across Cultures


Family

a group of people related by blood, marriage, or adoption. Has the greatest impact on individual behavior. Family of Orientation family you are born into, gives you ascribed status. Family of Procreation family established upon marriage. Marriage legal union based on mutual rights and obligations. Marriage ceremony signifies legal right of the couple to have off-springs. Creates family of orientation for the children.

Development of Family Structures


Development

of Agriculture and Industry shaped society and family. In earlier societies, clans small bands of families) were nomadic. Neolithic Revolution changed that, as large families were needed. Industrial Revolution changed families by replacing large families, as nuclear families were favored.

Basic Types of Families.


Two

basic types of families.

Nuclear Family: - Family structure composed of one or both parents and children Extended Family: - Family structure composed of two or more adult generations who share resources and household.

Patterns of Family Structure


Nuclear

or Extended, families behave in similar ways across cultures.


Who Inherits?
Who

heads the family for purpose of descent? Who owns the family property? - inheritance

Who is in Authority?
Who

heads the house for purpose of authority?

Where do couples live?


Do

Newly married couples live with wifes parents. Do they live with the husbands parents?

Patrilineal

Descent and inheritance passed through the male line. Matrilineal Descent and inheritance passed through female line. In most societies, three arrangements are used. Bilateral Descent and inheritance passed equally through both parents.

Who Inherits?

Who Has Authority?


Similar

patterns govern authority in a family.


Patriarchy oldest male in a household has authority. Matriarchy oldest female in the household has authority. Equalitarian/Egalitarian control or authority split equally between husband and wife.

Where Do Couples Live?


Where

newly married couples set up their households varies from cultures.


Patrilocal living with or near husbands parents premodern China Matrilocal living or near wifes parents Nayar caste of S. India. Neolocal couples establish residence on their own away from both Euro American model.

Marriage Arrangements
Ceremonies

may vary, marriage is a cultural universal. What forms do marriage take?


Monogamy a marriage between one man and one woman. Polygamy between one man and more than one woman simultaneously. Polygyny between one man and more than one woman same time. Polyandry between one woman and more than one man at the same time.

Question of the Day


Create

wife?

a list of your perfect husband or

Rules of Marriage
Every

culture has rules guiding marriages.


Exogamy practice of marrying out-side ones group.
Incest

Taboos norm forbidding marriage between close relatives.

Endogamy norm of marrying within ones cultural or racial group. Homogamy tendency to marry someone with similar characteristics. Heterogamy married of people with different characteristics.

American

families regardless of ethnicity, fall into the same pattern.


Families are nuclear in nature.
Household

Family & Marriage in The United States

Families are bilateral.


Trace

contains one set of parents and children, e.g. Mom, Dad, Son and Daughter. lineage and pass inheritance equally through both parents, e.g. brother/sister share inheritance share decision making equally, e.g. Mom and Dad share decisions on equal basis.

Families are democratic or egalitarian.


Partners

Families are neo-local.


Each

Families are monogamous.


Includes

family lives apart from one another, e.g. Newly wed couples live away from either of their parents.
and Dad. one husband and one wife at a time, e.g. Mom

Romantic Love & Marriage


What

is Romantic Love?

Idea that being in love is the most vital reason to marry.

What

are some other reasons to marry?

Enter a powerful family Advance career or social status Conformity usually the main reason.

What

is the Marriage rate?

Number of marriages per year for every 1000 Peaked during WWII, but has fluctuated since then.
http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/200507-18-cohabit-divorce_x.htm

Divorces
Divorce

rate: Number of divorces per 1000.

Doubled between 1960s and 1980s from 2.2/1000 to 5.3/1000


Causes

of Divorces: Individual Causes.

Financial Hardship Conflicting Values of Child - Rearing Age of Marriage Years of Marriage Nature and Quality of Relationship

Causes

of Divorce: Societal Forces.

Economic fluctuation The Growing Up of Baby Boomers. Increasing Financial Independence of Women Changes in American attitude and values about divorce.

Family Violence
Attitudes

about Family Violence.

Americans denial of its wide existence. Association with lower class status.
Reasons

for Family Violence:

Financial Hardship Children Cheating/Infidelity Loss of dominance/authority by men. Alcoholism/Drug Abuse Patriarchy

Changes In American Families


Blended

Families: Step Families


The Brady Bunch

Create new extended families.


Example:

Many blended families are successful. Stepchildren are one factor for the high divorce rate in blended families.
Problems

with blended families.

Money difficulties Stepchildren Antagonism Unclear Roles.

Single Parent Families


25%

of American families, 90% headed by women. Why?


Divorced poor women marry at a low rate. Decrease in the social stigma. Well educated women choosing single-parenthood.

Effects

of Single Parenthood

High rate of deviance in adolescents.

Other Changes in American Families


Childless
In 2000, 19% of American women who had ever married.

Marriages:

Social stigmas are disappearing Election to pursue career. Physical or psychological problems Dual Employed Marriages: creates 2nd shift for women. Must cope with role conflict Benefit of freedom for men Co-Habitation: living with someone in a marriagelike arrangement. Increased from about 500,000 in 1970 to over 7 million in 2000. 25% of Americans in co-habitation stay in the relationship. Co habitation has not proven to improve quality
of later marriges.

Other Changes Continued


Same

Sex Partners: Civil Unions

No accurate figures due to social stigma Homosexual population is estimated at 10% of U.S. population 13% of males, 5% of females. % of same sex partners in increasing. Remains a controversial issue Vermont & Massachusetts were first states to pass Civil Union laws.

Single

Life:

Increasing number of Americans are choosing to remain single. Over 26% (age 15 and above) live alone. For same reasons as in childless marriages.

Boomerang Kids
Refers

to young adults who either leave home and return or stay home to live with parents.

Advantages/Disadvantages:

More than 25% of young adults 18 35 live with parents. Why? Marry late, stay home longer Living at home for convenience of continued education. Avoid high cost of living faced even after grad. Return home after a divorce. Financial strain on parents Loss of privacy for parents. Loss of freedom and privacy for returning children. Problems forming another family or surviving the after math of divorce.

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