Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
INTRODUCTION
From the time immemorial human race has survived, grown , flourished and prospered on the basis of energy produced , established and utilized .
The invention of fire accidentally proved a major boost for early man to evolve into what we are today.
HISTORY
The first demonstration of electric light in Calcutta was conducted on 24 July 1879. The first hydroelectric installation in India was installed near a tea estate at Sidrapong for the Darjeeling Municipality in 1897. The first hydroelectric power station in j&k was established at mohra in baramulla by maharaja partap Singh in 1905. Company (B.E.S.T.) set up a generating station in 1905 to provide electricity for the tramway. The first electric train ran between Bombay's Victoria Terminus and Kurla along the Harbour Line.
In terms of fuel, coal-fired plants account for 56% of India's installed electricity capacity, compared to South Africa's 92%; China's 77%; and Australia's 76%. After coal, renewal hydropower accounts for 19%, renewable energy for 12% and natural gas for about 9%.
As of January 2012, one report found the per capita total consumption in India to be 778 kWh. India is the world's fourth largest energy consumer after United States, China and Russia .
There are two types of energy in world on the basis of there sources and production cycles .
THERMAL POWER
Thermal power plants convert energy rich fuel into electricity and heat. Possible fuels include coal, natural gas, petroleum products, agricultural waste and domestic trash / waste. Coal and lignite accounted for about 67% of India's installed capacity. India's electricity sector consumes about 80% of the coal produced in the country. A large part of Indian coal reserve is similar to Gondwana coal.
On average, the Indian power plants using India's coal supply consume about 0.7 kg of coal to generate a kWh, whereas United States thermal power plants consume about 0.45 kg of coal per kWh.
Types
Thermal power plants can deploy a wide range of technologies. Some of the major technologies include: Steam cycle facilities (most commonly used for large utilities); Gas turbines (commonly used for moderate sized peaking facilities); Cogeneration and combined cycle facility (the combination of gas turbines or internal combustion engines with heat recovery systems); and Internal combustion engines (commonly used for small remote sites or stand-by power generation).
Vindhyachal is the largest thermal power plant in india with capacity of 3260 MW.
The installed capacity of Thermal Power in India, as of June 30, 2011, was 115649.48 MW which is 65.34% of total installed capacity. Current installed base of Coal Based Thermal Power is 96,743.38 MW which comes to 54.66% of total installed base. Current installed base of Gas Based Thermal Power is 17,706.35 MW which is 10.00% of total installed capacity. Current installed base of Oil Based Thermal Power is 1,199.75 MW which is 0.67% of total installed capacity. The state of Maharashtra is the largest producer of thermal power in the country. INDIA LACKS THE GOOD CALORIFIC VALUE COAL AND IMPORTS 30% demand from INDONESIA.
NUCLEAR POWER
India had 4.8 GW of installed electricity generation capacity using nuclear fuels India's Nuclear plants generated 32455 million units or 3.75% of total electricity produced in India. India's nuclear power plant development began in 1964 by commissioning of two boiling water reactors at Tarapur.
Fission Reaction
Capacity
India's share of nuclear power plant generation capacity is just 1.2% of worldwide nuclear power production capacity, making it the 15th largest nuclear power producer. Nuclear power provided 3% of the country's total electricity generation in 2011. India aims to supply 9% of it electricity needs with nuclear power by 2032. 2032. India's largest nuclear power plant project under implementation is at Jaitapur, Maharashtra in partnership with Areva, France.
HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER
India is one of the pioneering countries in establishing hydro-electric power plants. The power plants at Darjeeling and Shimsha (Shivanasamudra) were established in 1898 and 1902 respectively and are among the first in Asia. India is endowed with economically exploitable and viable hydro potential assessed to be about 84,000 MW at 60% load factor. In addition, 6,780 MW in terms of installed capacity from Small, Mini, and Micro Hydel schemes have been assessed. used form of renewable energy. India is blessed with immense amount of hydro-electric potential and ranks 5th in terms of exploitable hydropotential on global scenario
Solar energy
India is bestowed with solar irradiation ranging from 4 to 7 kWh/square meter/day across the country, with western and southern regions having higher solar incidence. India is endowed with rich solar energy resource. India receives the highest global solar radiation on a horizontal surface. Government of India launched its Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission.
The first Indian solar thermal power project (2X50MW) is in progress in Phalodi Rajasthan. Land acquisition is a challenge to solar farm projects in India. exploring means to deploy solar capacity above their extensive irrigation canal projects, thereby harvesting solar energy while reducing the loss of irrigation water by solar evaporation.
WIND ENERGY
o India has the fifth largest installed wind power capacity in the world.
WIND PLANT
The largest wind power generating state was TAMIL NADU accounting for 30% of installed capacity, followed in decreasing order by Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, and Rajasthan. The state of Gujarat is estimated to have the maximum gross wind power potential in India, with a potential of 10.6 GW.
GEO-THERMAL ENERGY
India's geothermal energy installed capacity is experimental. Commercial use is insignificant. India has about 340 hot springs spread over the country. Of this, 62 are distributed along the northwest Himalaya, in the States of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. Andaman and Nicobar arc is the only place in India where volcanic activity geo-thermal energy is present.
India plans to set up its first geothermal power plant, with 25 MW capacity at Puga in ladakh.
Tattapani in Chhattisgarh Puga in Jammu & Kashmir Cambay Graben in Gujarat Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh Surajkund in Jharkhand Chhumathang in Jammu & Kashmir
Potential along the Indian coast is between 5 MW to 15 MW per meter, suggesting a theoretical maximum potential for electricity harvesting from India's 7500 kilometer coast line may be about 40 GW.
BIO-MASS POWER
In this system biomass, bagasse, forestry and agro residue & agricultural wastes are used as fuel to produce electricity. In 2011, India started a new initiative with the aim to demonstrate medium size mixed feed biogas-fertilizer pilot plants. This technology aims for generation, purification/enrichment, bottling and piped distribution of biogas. India has additionally commissioned 158 projects under its Biogas based Distributed/Grid Power Generation programme, with a total installed capacity of about 2 MW.
India has additionally commissioned 158 projects under its Biogas based Distributed/Grid Power Generation programme, with a total installed capacity of about 2 MW. India is rich in biomass and has a potential of 16,881MW (agro-residues and plantations), 5000MW (bagasse cogeneration) and 2700MW (energy recovery from waste). Biomass power generation in India is an industry that attracts investments of over INR 600 crores every year, generating more than 5000 million units of electricity and yearly employment of more than 10 million man-days in the RURAL areas.
TRANSMISSION SPAN
800 KV 550KV 400KV 220KV 173 CKM 636CKM 3198CKM 3024CKM
TOTAL
7031CKM
RURAL ELECTRIFICATION
Six decades after Independence, Indias villages are groping in the dark literally. One-third rural areas have no electricity. Situation is particularly bad in indias cow belt. Bihar-25%,jharkhand-43%, orissa- 45%, u.p- 38%. China on other hand way back in 1991 has 92% electricity in rural areas . Gujarat and goa has 100% rural electrification and himachal 98%.
ENERGY CONSERVATION
INDIAS per capita consumption is very low and 35% rural households are powerless but still india is energy deficient . Thus , one alternative is to preserve energy .
Conservation necessary?
Smart grid
A smart grid is an electrical grid that uses information and communications technology to gather and act on information, such as information about the behaviors of suppliers and consumers, in an automated fashion to improve the efficiency, reliability, economics, and sustainability of the production and distribution of electricity.
PILFERAGE
Kundi, ( ) ( ) as known in some parts of India, is the criminal but widespread practice by common people of stealing electric power. It is a crime and punishable by heavy fines and, in some cases, imprisonment. The simplest process is to put a direct wire-connection to a main power route passing by a house or shop so that electricity can flow to the consumer without crossing the electric meter that is fixed by the State Electricity Board to calibrate the load the sub-total of your appliances is drawing . Insulating neutral can prevent power theft.
PASSIVE HOUSES
They are actually energy efficient building by preventing cooling or heat losses in house. There are only 15000 to 20000 houses around world. It has been calculated that it reduces 20-155 energy bills.
Brightness is equal to or greater than existing lighting technologies (incandescent or fluorescent) and light is well distributed over the area lighted by the fixture. Light output remains constant over time, only decreasing towards the end of the rated lifetime (at least 35,000 hours or 12 years based on use of 8 hours per day). Excellent color quality. The shade of white light appears clear and consistent over time. Efficiency is as good as or better than fluorescent lighting. Light comes on instantly when turned on. No flicker when dimmed. No off-state power draw. The fixture does not use power when it is turned off, with the exception of external controls, whose power should not exceed 0.5 watts in the off state.
ADVANTAGES
The average efficiency of the domestic inverters is 50% and unlike fuel-based generators, inverters dont generate power. There is an estimated 50 million inverters being used for domestic purposes each consuming say 250W/day or 0.25 units. The power drain by inverters is thus to the tune of 12.5 million units. Further, inverters use lead-acid batteries which severely pollute the environment. UPS systems being like inverters cause power wastage and pollution by use of lead-acid batteries.
Diesel/Kerosene gensets not only cause pollution but also deplete scarce natural resources. Pumps/Motors consume roughly 20% of total electricity in India. An estimated 75% of this is consumed by the pumps for agricultural sector mainly for water/irrigation. The balance is for other motor applications. Most Indian pumps operate at 33% efficiency while motors have an average efficiency of 40%. These cause heavy loss of electrical energy. Taking usage of 4 units at 4 hours/day, the consumption in this category is over 250 million units/day and the estimated loss is 160 million units /day. Pilferage (Power theft) in India is responsible for the disappearance of 29% of electricity generated. In energy terms this amounts to 613.87 million units/day
CONCLUSION
INDIA HAS A VAST POTENTIAL TO BE THE ENERGY SURPULUS STATE DUE TO ITS ABUNDANT RESOURCES AND EASY AVAILABILITY, BUT IT NEEDS TO CUT ITS POWER LOSSES AND CONTROL OVER POPULATION WHICH LEDS TO OVERBURDEN ON ITS PRODUCTION. India has the reputation of having the highest distribution losses in the world with a figure of nearly 47%, ranking above Burma with 36 % losses and Bangladesh at 33 %. How do we bring these losses down and become an energy surplus Nation?
THE SOLUTION IS :
TO IMPLEMENT STRICT ANTI-PILFERAGE ACTS TO USE SMART GRIDS PROPER LOAD DISTRIBUTION GOOD POWER FACTOR{QUALITY}, SO AS NOT TO USE TRANSFORMERS EXCESSIVELY AVOID LARGELY SUBSIDISED POWER DISTRIBUTION FOR POLITICAL GIMMICKS IMPROVE POWER IMPLEMENTATION POLICIES ( TO PREVENT LIKES OF DISASTAROUS INDUS WATER TREATY IN FUTURE) ENCOURAGING NON-CONVENTIONAL POWER BOTH FOR PUBLIC AND GOVT. USE STRICT USE OF POWER RATED DEVICES GREEN CARBON RATED BUILDINGS AND LARGE SCALE USE TO BE ENCOURAGED USE OF PREPAID POWER METERS AND OTHER ENERGY SAVING DEVICES
ANKUR MAHAJAN NITTTR CHANDIGARH CONTACT: 7696371190/9797547426 EMAIL: mahajanankur786@yahoo.in URL: www.ankurmahajan786@ucoz.com