Announcements

Second Exam Conservation Auditorium 6:30 pm Thursday, April 9 Units 5-9 Review session Wednesday, April 8, 6:30 p.m. Tucker Hall Room 18

Genetics

Unit 9

Genetics
The study of heredity Through heredity, living things inherit traits from their parents Traits are physical characteristics

Basic concepts
For every trait an organism has two alleles that determine how that trait is expressed Alleles all the different forms of the same gene Represented by letters; PP = purple, pp = white, Pp = purple

Basic concepts
Dominant - allele represented by uppercase letters (e.g., Bb, BB). The dominant trait is visible in heterozygous individuals. Recessive - allele represented by lowercase letters (e.g., Bb, bb). The recessive trait is not visible in heterozygous individuals. Two recessive alleles (bb) are needed to express the trait.

Basic concepts
P generation - the first generation or parents in a genetic cross F1 generation - the offspring of the parents, or the first generation of offspring in a genetic cross F2 generation - the second generation of offspring in a genetic cross; the children of the F1 generation, or the grandchildren of the original parental (P) generation.

Basic concepts
Homozygous individual with identical alleles (e.g., GG or gg) for a gene Heterozygous - individual with two different alleles (e.g., Gg) for a gene Genotype - the genetic content of an individual, letters used to denote alleles (BB, Pp) Phenotype - the external appearance of an individual (brown, purple)

Can you always predict the genetic content (genotype) of an individual on the basis of its external appearance (phenotype)?
Not always Individuals exhibiting the recessive traits (homozygous recessive) Individual with the dominant trait could be:
either homozygous dominant or heterozygous

Genetic Crosses
Mating between two organisms for the purpose of examining the offspring's traits

Determine the genotypes of the organisms and calculate the probability of both the phenotype and genotype of the offspring. This probability is expressed in percent, decimal, or fraction form.
For example, if two heterozygous individuals are genetically crossed, then the probability for offspring will be 25% homozygous dominant, 50% heterozygous, and 25% homozygous recessive . This is a 1:2:1 genotypic ratio. All crosses of two heterozygous organisms will have this same probability ratio.

Punnett square
Used to determine the PROBABILITY of having a certain type of offspring given the alleles of the parents Black rat (BB) and white rat (bb) true-breeding parents

b
b

B Bb Bb

B Bb Bb

B B b

BB
Bb

Bb
bb

All F1 is heterozygous (Bb), so all rats are black

The ratio of phenotype is 3:1, three black rats , one white rat 1 Homozygous dominant, 2 heterozygous, 1 homozygous recessive

Monohybrid cross
A cross between parents who are heterozygous, for example: Tt x Tt

The genotypic ratio is one homozygous dominant: two heterozygous: one homozygous recessive

Monohybrid example
Assume brown (B) spots are dominant to blue (b) spots on the wings of a butterfly. What would be the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios if a male true-breeding for brown spots had offspring with a female true-breeding for blue spots?

Solution: Male genotype = BB Gametes:

Male Female

Female genotype = bb only b

only B

B
Bb Bb

B
Bb Bb

b b

Genotypic ratio: 100% Bb Phenotypic ratio: 100% Brown spots

Test Cross
It is used to determine if an individual exhibiting a dominant trait is homozygous or heterozygous for that trait. Test crosses involve breeding the individual in question with another individual that expresses a recessive version of the same trait. If all offspring display the dominant phenotype, the individual in question is homozygous dominant; if the offspring display both dominant and recessive phenotypes, then the individual is heterozygous.

Test Cross
In the fruit fly , black body (b) is recessive to the normal gray body (B). You are given a male with a gray body. Determine its genotype. Procedure : The male has one of two genotypes : BB or Bb. This male is crossed to a black-bodied female of genotype bb. There are two possible outcomes: Outcome 1: Male is Heterozygous (Bb) B b Bb Outcome 2: Male is Homozygous (BB) B B Bb

bb

Bb

Bb

bb

Bb

Bb

The progeny of this cross were 50% gray body and 50% black body reflecting the type and frequency of their father's gametes.

The progeny of this cross were 100% gray heterozygotes (Bb) reflecting the type and frequency of their father's gametes.

Cystic fibrosis is a recessive trait that causes a build-up of mucus in the lungs. A woman who has cystic fibrosis mates with a man who does not have the condition. Their first child has cystic fibrosis. What is the probability that their next child will have cystic fibrosis?
Mom is homozygous recessive cc Dad is heterozygous - Cc

C Cc

c cc

50%

Dihybrid cross
It is a cross between two parents that breed true for different versions of two traits

TtGg = TG, Tg, tG, tg

Dihybrid example
In squash, white fruit (W) is dominant to yellow (w) and round shaped fruit (R) is dominant to flat (r) shaped fruit. If you cross a true-breeding yellow, round squash with one that is heterozygous for both color and shape, what would be the expected phenotypic ratios of the offspring?

Genotypes: wwRR x WwRr Gametes: wR WR WR, Wr, wR, wr Wr

WwRr

wR
wwRR

wr
wwRr

wR

WwRR

50% White, Round (WwRR, WwRr) 50% Yellow, Round (wwRR, wwRr)

In corn snakes, the presence of black pigment (M) is dominant to albino (m) and blotched patterns (B) are dominant to motley patterns (b). If an albino motley snake mated with a snake heterozygous for both traits and they had a total of 20 hatchlings, how many hatchlings would be albino and blotched?
mmbb X MmBb
MB mb Mb mB mb

1/4= 0.25

0.25 X 20= 5

Some hints to remember

Monohybrid Cross: When 2 heterozygotes are crossed, phenotypic ratio of offspring is always 3:1 (A_:aa)

Dihybrid Cross: When 2 heterozygotes are crossed, phenotypic ratio of offspring is always 9:3:3:1 (each phenotype is a fraction out of /16)
9/16 A_B_: 3/16 A_bb: 3/16 aaB_: 1/16 aabb
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Pedigree analysis
Graphic method to present the inheritance of particular traits in a group of related individuals
Female Male Parents

Siblings

Pedigree analysis
First determine whether the trait is due to a dominant or recessive allele If trait skips a generation, it must be caused by a recessive allele (hidden in the heterozygote)

Pedigree analysis
Dominant alleles can not be hidden, so they can not skip generations

Pedigree analysis
Look for parents of the same phenotype If they produce offspring of the opposite phenotype, then parents must be heterozygous If they were homozygous they could not produce an unlike offspring In such case, if parents have the trait, is due to a dominant allele If they lack the trait, it is due to a recessive allele

Tips for the Pedigree:

-if two parents have the trait, but none of their kids have it, the trait MUST be dominant AND both parents MUST be heterozygous
-if you see two parents that do not have the trait, but their kid(s) have it, the trait is recessive AND both parents MUST be heterozygous -if a trait shows up in a grandparent and a grandchild, but not the parents, the trait is recessive (skipping a generation)
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