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OSI Model
OSI means Open System Interconnect model. Developed by the International Organization for
Standardization in 1974.
function.
Advice Upper Layer Person or Software Layer Sales Heart of OSI Take Not Lower Layer Do or Hardware Layer Please
Layer - 4
Layer - 3 Layer - 2
Transport
Network Data Link
Layer - 1
3
Physical
Application Layer
Application Layer is responsible for providing Networking Services to user. It also known as Desktop Layer. Identification of Services is done using Port Numbers. Ports are nothing but Socket i.e. Entry and Exit Point to the Layer Total No. Ports 0 65535 Reserved Ports 0 1023 Open Ports 1024 65535
Client
5
Web Server
Client
7
Web Server
Client
8
FTP Server
Client
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FTP Server
80 21 25 23 69
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Application
80 21 25 53 67 69
Data
Network
Data Link Physical
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Presentation Layer
Presentation Layer is responsible for converting data into standard format. Examples : ASCII, EBCDIC, JPEG, MPEG, BMP, MIDI, WAV, MP3 Following tasks are perform at Presentation layer : Encoding Decoding Encryption Decryption Compression Decompression
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Data Data
Network
Data Link Physical
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Session Layer
Session Layer is responsible establishing, maintaining and terminating session. Session ID also works at Session Layer. Examples : RPC Remote Procedure Call SQL Structured Query language NFS Network File System
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Network
Data Link Physical
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Transport Layer
Transport Layer is responsible for end-to-end connectivity. It is also known as heart of OSI Layers. Following task are performed at Transport Layer : -
Identifying Service
Multiplexing & De-multiplexing Segmentation
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Identifying Service TCP Transmission Control Protocol UDP User Datagram Protocol
Connection Oriented
Acknowledgement Reliable
Connection Less
No Acknowledgement Unreliable
Slower
Port No. 6 e.g. HTTP, FTP, SMTP
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Faster
Port No. 17 e.g. DNS, DHCP, TFTP
Transport
TCP - 6 UDP - 17
Segmentation
Hello! How are you ? Hello! How are you ? Hello! How Are You ?
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you Hello! Hello! HowHow are ? you ? You Hello! Are Hello! How are How ? you ? You Hello! How ? Are Hello! How Are You ? are
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Hello! Hello! How are you ? Hello! How are How are you ? Hello! How Are You ? you ?
1/5 2/5 3/5 4/5 5/5
You
4/5
Hello! How
1/5
2/5
5/5
Are
3/5
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Error Correction
Segment Missing
Hello! Hello! How are you ? Hello! How are How are you ? Hello! How Are You ? you ?
1/5 2/5 3/5 4/5 5/5
You
4/5
Hello! How
1/5 2/5
5/5
Are
3/5
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Network
Data Link Physical
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Network Layer
Network Layer is responsible for providing best path to data to reach destination. Logical Addressing sits on this layer. Device working on Network Layer is Router.
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Routed Protocols
Segment
192.168.1.1
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192.168.1.2
Routing Protocols
www.iriset.ac.in
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Network
Data Link Physical
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Datalink Layer
Datalink Layer is divided into two Sub Layers : LLC Logical Link Control It talks about Wan protocols e.g. PPP, HDLC, Frame-relay MAC Media Access Control It talks about Physical Address. It is 48 bit Addressing i.e. 12 digit Hexadecimal No. It is also responsible for Error Detection Device working on Data Link Layer is Switch, Bridge, NIC.
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PC-A CRC No. 33333 PC-B Source MAC 00-20-18-C0-07-71 CRC No. 11114 Error 33333 11114 46323 99434 43434 99323 55434 89696 22222 32434 00000 Detected Destination MAC Packet Error Detected 00-20-18-C0-07-72
B
Packet
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192.168.1.1 00-20-18-C0-07-71
192.168.1.2 00-20-18-C0-07-72
Packet
20202 11114 46323 99434 43434 99323 55434 89696 22222 32434 00000
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192.168.1.1 00-20-18-C0-07-71
192.168.1.2 00-20-18-C0-07-72
Network
Data Link Physical
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Physical Layer
Physical Layer is responsible for electrical, mechanical or procedural checks. Data will be converted in Binary that is 0s & 1s. Data will be in the form of electrical pulses if it is Coaxial or Twisted Pair cable and in the form of Light if it is Fiber Optic Cable. Devices working at Physical Layer are Hubs, Repeaters, Cables, Modems etc.
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Frame
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Network
e.g. Hub Data Link Physical
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A
Application
Data Data
B
Application
Presentation
Session Transport Network Data Link Physical
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Data
Data
Presentation
Session TH Transport Network NH
Data
TH Data Segment
Packet Segment NH Packet DHFrame DT Bits
DH DT Data Link
Physical
TCP/IP Layers
Application
Session
Transport Network Transport Internet Network Access
Data Link
Physical
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ftp://ftp.microsoft.com
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Microsoft Windows 2000 [Version 5.00.2195] (C) Copyright 1985-2000 Microsoft Corp. C:\> telnet 192.168.1.150 Connecting ..... ================================ Welcome to Hyderabad Router ================================ User Access Verification password :
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http://www.microsoft.com
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http://mail.yahoo.com
xyz@yahoo.com
xyz ******
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