NETWORKING & ROUTING CONCEPTS

Networking
Host based networks The processing is performed on one computer system with attached unintelligent dumb terminals e.g. PRS network

Networking
Master-Slave networks The entire processing is done at Master computer, the slave computers are capable of limited local application processing such as editing and validation. e.g. FOIS network

Networking
Client-Server networks This is also called as domain model Application processing processing is divided between client and server Here client requests and server responds for services e.g. Railnet

Networking

Peer to peer networks This is also called as work group model All computers in peer to peer network are equal capacity Any computer can request and any computer can provide the service

Network devices

NIC card Hub Switch Router

NIC

The Network interface card is an add-on card inserted into expansion slots on the motherboard of a computer Currently, the most common types of NIC used in the home are Ethernet and wireless Ethernet cards.

HUB
A hub is a device into which you can connect all devices on a home network so that they can talk together. Hubs physically crossconnects all their ports with one another Hub always supports broad casting.

Switch
A switch is also a device into which you can connect all devices on a home network so that they can talk together. Switch is an intelligent device and it can be configured Unlike a hub, it does not supports broadcasting always But initially Switch also supports broadcasting

Router

Router is a device which is used to enable communication possible between two or more different networks present in different geographical locations. Router is having LAN ports (e0) and WAN ports (s0) Router has got its own operating system called as IOS

Types Of Cables

Coaxial Cable

Twisted Pair able

Fiber Optic Cable

Networking

All the devices in the network should have unique identity or address There are two types of address are used in the network Physical address or hardware address or Media access address (MAC) Logical address or software address or IP address

Networking
Every NIC card will have its unique MAC address burnt in its ROM chip The MAC address is a 48 bit address represented in 6 bytes hexadecimal form e.g. 00-01-80-53-1C-0F

Networking
The IP address is a 32 bit address represented in 4 bytes decimal form e.g. 10.195.51.46 There are two types of IP address used Public IP address Private IP address

Networking

Public IP address are used only in public networks such as Internet e.g. 202.43.219.47 (yahoo.co.in) Private IP address are used in intranets such as Railnet e.g. 10.195.2.19 (IRISET railnet website) The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) defined Standard private network address are 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) defined Standard Local loop back address as 127.0.0.1 The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) defined Standard automatic private IP address (APIPA) are 169.254.0.0 -169.254.255.255

Networking
Every IP address is a combination of network ID and Host ID e.g. 10.195.2.19 is having two parts i. 10.195.0.0 is a network ID ii. 0.0.2.19 is a Host ID This Net ID is extracted from IP address using Subnet Masking

Networking

Masking is a bit wise ANDing process with IP address to extract Network address or Net ID. IP address is represented as 10.195.2.19/16 IP address is 10.195.2.19 Subnet mask is 255.255.0.0

Networking

How to get Net ID from IP address using subnet masking

10.195.2.19 (00001010.11000011.00000010.00010011) 255.255.0.0 (11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000) Bitwise ANDing is done to get Net ID 10.195.0.0 (00001010.11000011.00000000.00000000) The same is represented as 10.195.2.19 / 16

Networking

As far as the computers are connected with in the same network, a router is not required. When computers of different networks are to be interconnected, then a router is required A router is a device to inter connect different networks

Networking

The routing is done based on routing tables. The routing tables can be built in 3 ways Static routing Dynamic routing Default routing

Networking
The default routing is used in Internet i.e. it is used when the destination network is un-known In static routing manually the routed networks are defined In dynamic routing using below mentioned protocols the routed networks are defined RIP (routing information protocol) OSPF (open shortest path first)

Networking

Typical static routing

HYB
e0 s0 s1 e0

MAS

s0

s1 e0

SBC

At HYB ip address of e0 is 192.168.1.1 / 24 ip address of s0 is 10.0.0.1 / 16 At MAS ip address of e0 is 192.168.2.1 / 24 ip address of s1 is 10.0.0.2 / 16 ip address of s0 is 10.1.0.1 / 16 At SBC ip address of e0 is 192.168.3.1 / 24 ip address of s1 is 10.1.0.2 / 16

Networking

Typical static routing

HYB s010.0.0.0 e0
s1 e0

MAS

s0

10.1.0.0

192.168.1.0

192.168.2.0

192.168.3.0

s1 e0

SBC

At HYB network address of e0 is 192.168.1.0 network address of s0 is 10.0.0.0 At MAS network address of e0 is 192.168.2.0 network address of s1 is 10.0.0.0 network address of s0 is 10.1.0.0 At SBC network address of e0 is 192.168.3.0 network address of s1 is 10.1.0.0

static routing
HYB s010.0.0.0 e0
s1 e0

MAS

s0

10.1.0.0

192.168.1.0

192.168.2.0

192.168.3.0

s1 e0

SBC

In static routing unknown networks are defined Networks which are indirectly connected to the router are called unknown networks. At HYB unknown networks are 192.168.2.0 , 10.1.0.0, 192.168.3.0 At MAS unknown networks are 192.168.1.0, 192.168.3.0 At SBC unknown networks are 192.168.2.0, 10.0.0.0, 192.168.1.0

Typical static routing

HYB s010.0.0.0 e0
s1 e0

MAS

s0

10.1.0.0

192.168.1.0

192.168.2.0

192.168.3.0

s1 e0

SBC

At HYB ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 s0 ip route 10.1.0.0 255.255.0.0 s0 ip route 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 s0 At MAS ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 s1 ip route 191.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 s0 At SBC ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 s1 ip route 10.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 s1 ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 s1

THANK YOU