Seismic Reflection

Speakers: -Atok Yuliantono -Intan Dewi Meutia Sari Muslihudin -Rizky Gustiansyah -Intan Widya

OUTLINE
1

Introduction
Acquisition Processing Interpretation Case Study

Introduction

Seismic Reflection is a method of exploration geophysics that uses the principles of seismology to estimate the properties of the Earth's subsurface from reflected seismic waves.

Introduction

Basic Concept Fermats Principle

Basic Concept Huygens Principle

Basic Concept Snells Law

Medium earth consists of several layers of rock, which is between the layers of rock with another rock layers

can be different density and wave speed response.

According to Snell's law, can seismic waves change direction when passing through the boundary between the layers because of refraction and reflection.

Acqusition

Planning Select and describe primary and secondary targets. Estimate potential production and profits. Budget acquisition costs. Specify and document program objectives and priorities. Establish data quality standards. Set reasonable schedules and deadlines. Locate desired lines of survey on maps (survey design). Select specific methods and equipment to be used.

Permitting Determine who all these owners are Gain permission for seismic work for them, and Communicate to the field crew any restrictions imposed by the owners.

Acquisition Requirements Surveying/navigation system: precise locations of source and receiver positions must be known. Energy sources: all about appropriate amplitudes & frequency spectra. Receivers Cables Recording system

Energy source Desirable characteristics of seismic sources include: Signal high amplitude, broad frequency bandwidth produced Safety hazard in use, storage and maintenance can be managed without excessive precautions Cost total cost of equipment Operation relatively simple, efficient, and fast operation generally preferred Environment minimal physical and biological damage to the surroundings.

Energy Sources

Energy Sources Explosive Most often loaded at the bottom of a drilled holes to avoid the low velocity zone. Those holes are drilled in a geometrical patter or array to enhances the signal and attenuates surface waves at the source. The charge is usually dynamite or ammonium nitrate fertilizer mixed with diesel fuel.

Energy Source Explosive Principal advantage: o produce high energy and a broadband signal. o A direct measure of time through low-velocity zone can be obtained when the explosives are shot in drilled holes.

Energy Sources Explosives Disadvantages: o Much energy lost in blow. o Produce high amplitude horizontal noise o Expensive o Strict safety regulations are imposed and tight security is required.

Energy Sources Vibrator A vehicle that uses hydraulic energy to produce a signal. Usually using 2 to 4 vibrator trucks are positioned at source points within source array. Vibrators allow the selection of signals frequency content. Available frequencies range from 5 Hz to 511 Hz.

Seismic Receivers

Seismic Array A group of two or more elements (source or receivers) arranged in a geometrical patter. The function is to do spatial filtering. An array response depends upon wavelength or wavenumber of seismic energy produced or received.

Seismic Array

Acquisition Method 2-D Acquisition Method 3-D Acquisition Method

2-D Acquisition Method (Land) Line configuration (depends on target depth) Off end spread Pulling the spread Pushing the spread Split spread Symmetrical Asymmetrical

2-D Acquisition Method (Marine)

Using off end spread with pulling the spread movement.

2-D Acquisition Method (Marine)

This method is called Ocean Bottom cable system. Usually used in shallow marine & transition zone (<300 m depth) 2 components sensor: hydrophone as a pressure sensor and geophone as a vertical particle velocity sensor. In 2005, In 2005, Ocean Bottom Nodes/Seismic (OBN / OBS) - an extension of the OBC method that uses battery-powered cableless receivers placed in deep water.

General Acquisition Parameter Line parameters Number and orientation of lines Line spacing Line length

General Acquisition Parameter Source parameters For explosives Size (e.g., pounds of dynamite) Number of holes Hole depth Pattern

General Acquisition Parameter Source parameters For vibrators Number and layout of source positions per source point Number of units Sweep type Number of sweeps Sweep length Initial and final frequencies

General Acquisition Parameter Source parameter For airguns Number and sizes of guns Array designs Number of arrays Depth at which array is towed

General Acquisition Parameter Spread parameters Spread types Off end Source pulling or pushing spread Split spread Gap Symmetric or assymetric Number of groups Group interval Maximum and minimum offsets

General Acquisition Parameter Fold Each spread provides spread of subsurface coverage. Moving the spread spread length between shots thus provides continuous coverage of the subsurface below the line. Common depth point (CDP) and CMP concept.

3-D Acquisition Method Because of the shortcoming of 2-D, such as: 1. Distortion of the image of geologic structure 2. Inadequate subsurface sampling to define small-scale geologic features

3-D Acquisition Method

3-D Acquisition Method Procedure (Based on Figure 4.41): 1. Eight receiver lines are laid but only six are active at a time. This total length of the six lines is called a swath. 2. Patch is the receiver groups used for the active source. 3. The patch and source are moved up along the active swath. 4. When the first swath is completed, one or more receiver lines are moved laterally (rolled) such that there is overlap in surface and /or subsurface coverage. 5. This continues until all sources have been shot and the entire survey area covered.

3-D Acquisition Method

Processing

Seismic Data Processing

Is to process the raw seismic data which received from field seismic acquisition to extract a good quality and quantity final product as an input to interpretation step on the line of seismic exploration.

Flow Chart

DEMULTIPLEX REARRANGE DATA FROM FIELD TO PROCESSING ORDER. CONVERT FROM FIELD FORMAT (MANY, VARIABLE) TO INTERNAL FORMAT. PROVIDE FIRST LOOK AT THE RAW DATA.

Geometry

Geometry Specification

Source Geometry

Geometry Specification

Receiver Geometry

Data Editing
BAD RECORDS

BAD TRACES
- ISOLATED, RANDOM - NOISY GEOPHONE GROUPS - MISSING GROUPS (ENDS OF LINES)

NOISY TIME ZONES - SPIKES - NOISE BURSTS

Editing Option

Killing Traces
before after

Top Mute
before after

Datum Correction

Gain (Amplitude Variations)

Geophone Output (Ungained Recorder Trace)

Common Gain Problems

Shot Records

Objectives of Gain (AGC or TRACEWISE BALANCE) - Best continuity - Events visable at all times - Bright spots visible - Amplitudes proportional to reflection coefficients

Signal and Noise

NOISE IS WHAT DO NOT WANT

NOISE IS WHAT IS NOT IN THE MODEL

SIGNAL IS WHAT WE DO WANT

SIGNAL IS DESCRIBED BY THE MODEL

Split- Spread Field Record

Types of Noise

Causes of Poor Signal to Noise

NON-OPTIMAL FIELD PROCEDURES STRONG COHERENT NOISE SCATTERING OR ABSORPTION

NEAR-SURFACE PROBLEMS
IMPROPER PROCESSING (STACK)

Filtering Types of Filter Bandpass Filters

Deconvolution
Wave shaping F-K Filters

Bandpass Filter

Spectrum Amplitude after Bandpass Filter

One Dimensional Filter

Two Dimensional Filter (FK Filter)

FK Filter
before after

Deconvolution

NMO
NORMAL MOVEOUT The variation in reflection arrival time with offset distance between source and receiver.

MOVEOUT AT OFFSET X:
S

Surface

Reflector NMO : Natural curvature of reflection events on Field records & CMP gathers NMO Corrections : Time shifts in the computer to change the curvature (to flat)

WITHOUT NMO CORRECTION

WITH NMO CORRECTION

Velocity Analysis

Manual Picks and Calculations Constant Velocity Gathers

Constant Velocity Stacks

Varying Velocity Gathers/Stacks Coherence Plots

Picking Velocity

Residual Static

elevation static correction put the shot point and geophone at the same datum level so that the influence of different elevation can be eliminated.

CMP GATHERS BEFORE

AFTER RESIDUAL STATICS

Stacking Stacking is the sum of traces in one gather that aims to enhance the signal to noise ratio (S / N).

STACK BEFORE & AFTER RESIDUAL STATICS

Migration

Migration is to move the position of the visible reflectors on seismic data recorded into the actual position according to the position below the surface.

Interpretation

Flow Chart

Data Collecting & Verification

- Regional Geology - Bouguer Map

Loading Seismic and Wells Data

Loading Supporting Data (Checkshot, Formation Market, etc.)

Seismic Well Tie

Seismic Interpretation / Fault Reconstruction

Picking Horizon
Iteration

Structural Map, Isopach & Isochron Lead & Prospect

Y/N

Risk Analysis

Reflection Pattern

Reflection Pattern

 The purpose of interpretation is to obtain depth map (structural map) of The surveyed area. We can divide interpretation into two parts The interpretation of structure using the geometry of the beds The interpretation of lithology using seismic signatures and seismic attributes.

 Structural interpretation is relatively straightforward and is largely visual.

the internal geometry of layered strata is revealed sediment packages can be identified erosion surfaces can be identified channelling can be identified

We must remember the various scale distortions that may exist in a seismic record.

Deep record from land survey TWT scale in seconds

Offshore sparker survey timescale lines 40ms apart.

 It is possible to estimate the lithology (sediment type) from a seismic record, although this is less precise than determining the structure. The key is the seismic signature of the material. This is the internal appearance of a bed, arising from the composite effect of numerous small reflectors within it.

 A key issue concerns the sound source, since this influences the signature as well as does the sediment type. The signatures obtained in marine surveys in particular are very sensitive to the sound source in use. Thus, in a given material, a boomer may produce a different signature from a sparker. This is due to the differing frequency spectra and resolving power of the two sources. This is less of a problem in terrestrial surveys since the higher frequencies (=details) are usually lost.

These signatures are both from identical lithologies

False layering produced by non-lithological features

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 Signatures are broadly characteristic of the parent materials (with the above proviso). This leads to the idea of a seismic facies. A seismic facies is a unit of sediment that has a consistent seismic appearance. It is often assumed that this implies a consistent lithology. The full geophone record can be analysed statistically as a time series to obtain eg its frequency content, average amplitude, autocorrelation etc. These are known as seismic attributes and can be characteristic of particular layers.

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Acoustic Impedance & Reflection Coefficient

AI = V AI AI1 2 V2 1V1 RC 2 AI2 AI1 2 V2 1V
AI1 AI 2 RC2 AI 3 RC3 AI 4 RC1

Model Seismic Responses - Input

10% Porosity 20% Porosity 30% Porosity

Gas

Oil

Brine

Courtesy of ExxonMobil

Model Seismic Responses - Output

10% Porosity Offset 20% Porosity Offset 30% Porosity Offset

Courtesy of ExxonMobil

Synrift Example

Could you tell me where is Fluvial Environment ? Could you tell me where is Deltaic Environment ?

Could You Tell Me Where is Fluvial Environment (Braided Stream, Fan Delt Could You Tell Me Where is Deltaic Environment ? Marine? Marine?

DELTAIC

TRANSITION Lacustrine? FLUVIAL

DHI = Direct Hydrocarbon Indicator

Seismic DHIs are anomalous seismic responses related to the presence of hydrocarbons Acoustic impedance of a porous rock decreases as hydrocarbon replaces brine in pore spaces of the rock, causing a seismic anomaly (DHI) There are a number of DHI signatures; we will look at a few common ones: Amplitude anomaly Fluid contact reflection Fit to structural contours

Courtesy of ExxonMobil

DHIs: Amplitude Anomalies

Anomalous amplitudes

Change in amplitude along the reflector Low High Amplitude

Courtesy of ExxonMobil

DHIs: Fluid Contacts

Hydrocarbons are lighter than water and tend to form flat events at the gas/oil contact and the oil/water contact.

Thicker Reservoir

Fluid contact event

Thinner Reservoir

Fluid contact event

L12 Data Analysis

Courtesy of ExxonMobil

DHIs: Fit to Structure

Since hydrocarbons are lighter than water, the fluid contacts and associated anomalous seismic events are generally flat in depth and therefore conform to structure, i.e., mimic a contour line

L12 Data Analysis

Courtesy of ExxonMobil

Intro to Exercise Goal: To map the extent of the A1 gas-filled reservoir

W
A1 Gas Sand

Inline 840
Courtesy of ExxonMobil

Figure 1

Changes in Amplitude Indicate Fluid

Gas Sand

Water Sand

Traces are clipped

Inline 840
L12 Data Analysis Courtesy of ExxonMobil

Figure 1

Fluids within the A1 Sand

Extent of Gas
Figure 1

Inline 840

L12 Data Analysis

Courtesy of ExxonMobil

References Brown, A.R. 2004. Interpretation of Three Dimensional Seismic Data. AAPG Memoir 42 SEG Investigations in Geophysics. Tulsa Munadi, S. 2000. Aspek Fisis Seismologi Eksplorasi. Program Studi Geofisika UI. Depok. Munadi, S., D. Rubyanto dan B. Triharjanto. 1995. Resolusi Seismik. Lembaran Publikasi Lemigas No.2. Jakarta. Russell, B. H. 1991, Introduction to Seismic Inversion Methods, S.N. Domenico. Editor Course Notes Series. Volume 2 3rd edition. USA.

References

Sismanto. 1996. Modul 1: Akuisisi Data Seismik. Laboratorium Geofisika UGM. Yogyakarta. Sismanto. 2006. Dasar Dasar Akuisisi dan Pemrosesan Data Seismik. Laboratorium Geofisika UGM. Yogyakarta. Sukmono, S. dan A. Abdullah. 2001. Karakteristik Reservoar Seismik. Lab. Geofisika Reservoar Teknik Geofisika ITB. Bandung. Umam, M. S. 2004. Seismic Interpretation in Petroleum Exploration and Production. Course by Chevron. Pekanbaru.