HISTORY OF ART

HISTORY OF ART
Generally, the art history is divided into 14 periods. These are as follows :

PreHistoric Period
Greek Period Roman Period Medieval Period

Classic Period
Rococo Period Romantic Period Realist & Naturalist Period

Renaissance Period
Age of Mannerism

Impressionistic Period
Modern Period

Baroque Period

Post-Modernism

Pre-historic period
Art appeared as one of the earliest activities of man. Even as far back as the prehistoric period, before man knew how to read and write, he was already an artist. The first works of art were found inside the caves which primitive man inhabited; paintings of animals on the walls and ceilings as well as the first works of sculpture.

Some Examples of Cave Paintings

Greek period
The history of Greek art is divided into three(3) principal periods:

ARCHAIC PERIOD (800-600B.C.) CLASSICAL or HELLENIC PERIOD (500 B.C.)

HELLENISTIC PERIOD (400-100 B.C.)

ARCHAIC PERIOD (800-600 B.C.)

In the Archaic Period the arts manifested the influence of earlier civilizations, such as those of Mesopotamia & Egypt, in their linear, geometric tendency and stylized forms. This was seen in pottery with its variety of geometric designs and highly stylized human figures.

Some Examples :

Classical or Hellenic Period (500 B.C.)

It is with the Classical or Hellenic Period that Greek civilization, particularly that of Athens, is mainly associated. This period marks the highest point in the remarkable civilization of the ancient Greeks. It is also known as the golden age of athens or the Age of Pericles, after its great statesman. As an outstanding period of cultural achievement, it is a constant point of reference in the history of Art & Philosophy.

Hellenistic Period (400-100B.C.)

and These events put to the Golden Athens, The beginning of an theend Hellenistic PeriodAge was of marked byand two the important
thenceforth, the ideals of classicism went into eclipse. The HELLENISTIC, historical events: then, refers to the period after the 5th century B.C. when Greek culture intermingled with Oriental influences and, together with the political instability of the time, gave the rise to a new set of aesthetic ideals.

The defeat of ATHENS by its rival, military in 404 B.C. in the The subsequent conquest of the SPARTA, Greek city-states disastrous PELOPONNESIAN by Alexander the Great in 338 WAR. B.C.

PAINTING (Hellenistic Period)

Painting in ancient Greece was largely confined to pottery, Greek pottery was first in highly stylized, geometric style, which later developed into the expressive, flexible style of the red and white-figured vases.

SCULPTURE (Hellenistic Period)

As for Lysippos his acknowledged masterpiece is the Other important sculptural works of the Period are the & There were two , outstanding sculptors of Hellenistic the period: PRAXITELES Apoxyomenos . LYSIPPOS. Praxitelles is known best for the beautiful statue of Hermes and the Infant Dionysus. He also did Apollo with a Lizard.

DYING GAUL VENUS WINGED LAOCOON of VICTORY MILO of SAMOTHRACE Apoxyomenos

The subject is an athlete scraping his body anointed with oil after a game.

Hermes and the Infant Dionysus

Apollo with a Lizard

Roman period
The Hellenistic world was absorbed by Roman expansionism in the first century B.C. when Greece and Asia Minor were added to the Roman Empire. The Romans admired the older Greek civilization and propagated it throughout the empire. In the arts, Roman sculptors adapted Greek forms and techniques.

But the Romans, unlike the idealistic Greeks, were a practical and realistic people.

PAINTING (Roman Period)

Endowed with a keen, observant eye, the Roman artists painted their environment. They developed new artistic subjects such as genre, still lifes, and landscapes, as well as architectural motifs. These ornamented the walls of villas as frescoes, such as those found in Pompeii, or as intricate mosaics on the floors and ceilings.

SCULPTURE (Roman Period)

It was, however, in portraiture that Roman artist concentrated their talents. The portrait filled an important role in roman society. It was , of course, related to ancestor-worship in which the image of the deceased was venerated.

Spear-Bearer

by: Augustus Caesar

ARCHITECTURE (Roman Period)

Another structure of a decidely nature was the Aqueduct, But the greatest contribution of practical the Romans to Western civilization lay in such those found in Segovia, and Nimes, France. The Spain, Romans adopted certain features of Greek theas field of architecture. architecture, but these were modified to suit their purposes.

ARCH of TRIUMPH

ARCH of TITUS

The simplest structure was the Arch of Triumph, such as the Arch of Titus. It was constructed to honor a victorious general returning from a foreign AQUEDUCT campaign. It was elaborately ornamented (Segovia, with figuresSpain) in relief celebrating heroic exploits.

Medieval period
Under the Medieval Period, we shall consider four(4) artistic styles: EARLY CHRISTIAN ART

BYZANTINE ART ROMANESQUE ART GOTHIC ART

EARLY CHRISTIAN ART

Early In contrast Christian to the architecture Roman love would of luxury be developed and worldly only pleasures, at the end as of well the as era of their Christian thirst for persecution. power, Christianity The first known introduced Christian a new church sense is ofthe values, old laying Bisilica emphasis of St. Peter on the inspiritual Rome. and the eternal-life on earth being but a preparation for life after death.

Basillica of St. PETER (Rome, Italy)

by: Emperor Constantine

BYZANTINE ART
A Byzantine icon which we to are most familiar with is the as image of Ourof The The icons term Byzantine portraying refers Christ, the the Crucifixion Eastern branch , or of Mary Roman the Mother Empire Lady Perpetual Help. which god are existed examples from of the Byzantine foundingartistic of Constantinople representation. by the Emperor Constantine in 330 A.D. to its conquest by the Turks in 1453..

CRUCIFIXION CONSTANTINOPLE OUR LADY of PERPETUAL HELP

by: Emperor Constantine

ROMANESQUE ART
In spite of the vast extent of the Roman Empire, the Romans failed to established a stable and healthy economy. The Romans depended excessively on the booty of war and products exacted from their colonies. Their moral fiber was soon weakened by excesses in food and drink indulged in by the upper classes who delighted in rare and exotic dishes, such as the amphitheater also contributed to their downfall. Decadence and love of luxury slowly but surely undermined the strength of the Roman Empire, and when the barbarian tribes surged into the empire in 476 A.D., it rapidly disintegrated.

ARCHITECTURE (Romanesque Art)

th century, Romanesque During In the 16 the period, Art is strong the often Spaniards associated castle-fortresses brought with the were over architectural to built theby Philippines the style lords of the the period. for defense, and in the event attack by roving bands of marauders, the concept of the Walled Cityof inan the building of Intramuros. people of the villages around took refuge in it and defended it from within.

Walled City
(Intramuros)

These structure were of somber aspect, with heavy stone walls and small narrow windows which were few and far between. The fortress was entirely surrounded by a deep moat, and a drawbridge was used to cross it.

GOTHIC ART
Scholastic The Crusades philosophy, to win back greatly the influenced Holy Landby from Aristotelian the Turks thought resulted and in increased on premised mobility the marriage in the feudal of faith society and reason, of the Middle was developed Ages. Furthermore, by St. Thomas the discoveryin Aquinas of his new voluminous trade routes Summa widened Theologia the opportunities . for trade and commerce.

Summa Theologia

by: Thomas Aquinas

ARCHITECTURE SCULPTURE (Gothic Art)

In The the Gothic midst Cathedral of these new became and prosperous more richly towns ornamented. stood the Its Gothic faade featured rows of sculptured figures of the later saints and Biblical It was, as John Again, Ruskin Cathedral, the architectural triumph Middle Ages. personages. described aarchitecture Bible in Stone, all people, especially many who could sculpture it, and were to in provide close alliance. not read or write and painting had not yet been invented a lively visual narrative of the Holy Scriptures.

Bible in Stone
A cross section of a typical Gothic Cathedral (Amiens), showing its significant features.

by: John Ruskin

Renaissance period
The economic Renaissance , a word progress borrowed in the late from Medieval French language, Period, which literally wasmeans brought rebirth, about by increased and in the trade history and of commerce, art it is applied resulted to the in the 15thgrowth century of which cities is and one provided of the highest the backdrop moments for of civilization. the remarkable period that is known as the Renaissance. First, there was a revival of classical learning in the study of the ancient Greek and Roman text. Then, too, the Renaissance saw the widening of horizons in the literal sense with the series of maritime expedition in which man circumnavigated the world for the first time, thus proving it was round and not flat as formerly thought. Finally, this expansion into all directions, the discovery of more trade routes, and the development of trade and commerce changed the structure of society. These social changes soon led to a reassessment of man and the world around him Humanism, revived from classical times, pervaded philosophy and the art, and man came into his own as master of his world.

PAINTING & SCULPTURE (Renaissance Period)

The sculpture of Michelangelo, including the expressive figures of Dawn, An example of linear perspective in painting is Leonardo da famous In Leonardo The the artists, visual da influenced arts, Vinci portable made by numerous easel the interest paintings studies in science, became of the strove popular human for due body a Vincis more to in wider Evening, Morning, and Nigh t for the tomb of the Medici Julius II; Last Supper. patronage. naturalistic movement Although portrayal , and so of many did man Michelangelo subjects and developed remained before new religious, painting techniques figures thePope, astounding such from as the classical frescoes usehis of of seated Moses , which portrays the huge figure,effect. with its rippling muscles and mythology modeling the Sistine and made Chapel. shading their appearance. for a three-dimensional tendons, turning its head sharply in a dramatic contrapposto.

Massaccio succeeded him in modeling his figures in light and shadow, as in his Adam and Michelangelo Buonarrotti, Moses, marble.
(San Pietro in Vincoli, Rome.)

SISTINE CHAPEL

Eve Driven Out of Paradise

The Last Supper

by: Leonardo da Vinci

. . . but his experiments in wall painting were not altogether successful, for In this works, the principal lines on walls, and floor of the hall The Death ofthe St.ceiling, Francis the Last Supper has not been able to withstand the ravages of time and the can be traced to coverage at a point behind the head of the central Christ figure. by: Giotto by: Michelangelo weather. by: Massaccio

The Venetian artists, excellent colorist, also experimented woth the freer use of color without the use of underpainting and produced richer tones, as seen in the works of Titian The Entombment of Christ and Giorgione The Pastoral Concept.

The Pastoral Entombment Concept of Christ

by: Titian Giorgione

Brush strokes became loose as surface texture and impasto effects were cultivated.

There In sculpture, One of isthe themost Leonardo there exquisite are the da Vincis paintings equestrian Mona of statues the Lisa Renaissance of the she famous with is Botticellis the condottieri cool, enigmatic the Gattamelata Birth ofsmile Venus and the of hands Donatello, quietly the crossed first equestrian on her lap. statue since classical antiquity, and Verrocchios Colleoni, expressing tension that borders on violence.

Mona Lisa Gattamelata Colleoni

by: by:Verrocchio Donatello by: Leonardo da Vinci

Birth of Venus

by: Botticelli

which shows the slender goddess, with long, flowing hair, poised lightly on a shell and wafted to the shore by the wind-gods.

Mannerism period
Thus The painting the mannerist may also artist show may mannerism treat space of arbitrarily value. The or mannerist he painter Finally, There Mannerism There is, is there often too, in is the arts found the mannerism may mannerism the assume mannerism of of various gesture, the of fantastic forms. line, in which inand First, which the the there hands outlines bizarre, may are as becall in This manner Renaissance of representation is often said to involving be the beginning distortion of had, modern of may course, times In Parmigianos Madonna of the Long Neck, intentionally may employ strong create unusual contrasts spatial of light effects, and dark such as in El the subject St. may Martin not and mannerism elongated Arcimboldos attention to in themselves subject. the Allegory forms The contorted by of meaning Winter, their unusual, and ofwhich a twisted. mannerist exaggerated, iswhich the This double painting is Grecos commonly or image dramatic is often offound a obscure gesture, man in and the such and a begun because earlier ofand its with rationalism Michelangelos and scientific frescoes, attitude, including as well as power its material Last Judgement progress. necessarily require and may beAdam cultivated forSistine special effects, the Beggar. works gnarled as inof Parmigianinos Parmigianino. plant. Vision of Saint Jerome. ambiguous, and it may contain elements oneat cannot account for.. as in El Grecos and the which Creation of the Chapel View of Toledo, or for sensationalist effects, as in The Nativity by Beccafumi.

Madonna of the Long Neck

by: Parmigianino

St. Martin Vision and Saint Beggar Jerome View Allegory of Toledo of the Winter Last by: by: El Greco Parmigianino by: Judgment Elby: Greco Arcimboldo by: Michelangelo Creation of The Adam Nativty
by: Michelangelo by: Beccafumi

. who is the thin man in the background holding a scroll?

Baroque period
Closely following the Renaissance was the great religious upheaval called the Reformation that shook the whole of Europe out of its complacency. Religious leaders, like Martin Luther, John Calvin, and John Knox demanded religious reform to put a stop to the abuses of the clergy, such as selling indulgence and religious titles. The Catholic Church had the difficult task of salvaging its good name and reassuring its members. Towards this end, the Council of Trent was convened from 1545 to 1563 to set Church policies on various subject, including art. The highly sensual and dynamic style that emerged from this period of crisis was the baroque. What are its features?

One very important feature of Baroque Art is chiaroscuro. In the works of Caravaggio, The This one Baroque quality of the is style first found Italian is,in first the baroque of Crucifixion all, characterized artists, by light Rubens, by is the movement, principal and the energy, element, and as Descent restlessness. in the Conversion from The theformal Cross of St. balance by Paul. Rembrandt. and harmony of classicism way tothem, turbulent Instead of serving forms bygave modeling it is expression. used to break down forms in a seemingly arbitrary manner. In the Calling of St. Mathew by the same painter, light appears as a single, penetrating ray, picking out details, and singling out the astonished face of the saint.

PAINTING (Baroque Period)

C D E R C U E C N I Conversion of St. Paul Calling of St. Mathew by: RubensT F by: Caravaggio by: Caravaggio from the I C X R I O O S N the stamp of the artists personality. Both paintings have a related subject, but each bears by: Rembrandt S

SCULPTURE( Baroque Period)

Baroque In sculpture as a, restless, Gian Lorenzo dynamic Bernini style with was its the diagonals baroque and artist floating par excellence. curved lines, He isits best striking known chiaroscuro, for hi Ecstasy and of its St. sensuous Theresa textual done effects in marble set its with indelible life-size stamp on sculpture and architecture. figures.

Ecstasy of St. Theresa

by: Gian Lorenzo

Few can match this work in its exquisite emotionalism.

ARCHITECTURE (Baroque Period)

Anarchitecture example of the baroque architecture in Italy by is the Church highly of San In Baroque style is marked a sculptural, Carlo alle Quatro Fontane by the architect Francesco Borromini. ornamented facade.

The building with an oval plan has a faade of giant columns, flanking niches and recesses.

ThaTs all!!!

THANK YOU
by: NICKY ALEJANDRO
AB PSYCHOLOGY