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Spanning-Tree Protocol

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ICND v2.03-2

Objectives
Upon completing this lesson, you will be able to:
Describe the purpose and operation of the STP Explain how to implement STP to solve the problems associated with redundant switched or bridged topologies

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ICND v2.03-3

Overview
X

If the network is down, productivity (Nng sut) is lost and customers are dissatisfied. (Khng hi lng)
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Redundant Topology

Topology with one Bridge for Crossing the River

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Redundant Topology

Effect of Failure on Non-redundant Topology

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Redundant Topology

Redundant Bridge Topology

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Redundant Topology

Effect of Failure on a Redundant Bridge Topology

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Redundant switched topologies

If Switch A fails, traffic can still flow from Segment 2 to Segment 1 and to the router through Switch B
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Redundant switched topologies

A redundant switched topology may cause broadcast storms, multiple frame copies, and MAC address table instability problems.
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Broadcast Storms
Broadcasts and multicasts can cause problems in a switched network. Multicasts are treated as broadcasts by the switches. Broadcasts and multicasts frames are flooded out all ports, except the one on which the frame was received.
(Multicast c coi nh l broadcast.)

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ICND v2.03-16

Multiple Frame Transmissions

Switch A does not have the MAC address of the Router Y and will therefore flood the frame out its ports.
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Multiple Frame Transmissions

Switch B also does not know which port Router Y is on. Switch B then floods the frame it received causing Router Y to receive multiple copies of the same frame.
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Multiple Frame Transmissions

This is a cause of unnecessary processing in all devices.

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MAC Database Instability

Host X sends a frame directed to Router Y. Switches A and B learn the MAC address of Host X on port 0.
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MAC Database Instability

The frame to Router Y is flooded on port 1 of both switches. Switches A and B see this information on port 1 and incorrectly learn the MAC address of Host X on port 1.
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MAC Database Instability

When Router Y sends a frame to Host X, Switch A and Switch B will also receive the frame and will send it out port 1.
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MAC Database Instability

This is unnecessary, but the switches have incorrectly learned that Host X is on port 1.
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Spanning-Tree Protocol

Ethernet bridges and switches can implement the IEEE 802.1D Spanning-Tree Protocol and use the spanning-tree algorithm to construct a loop free shortest path network.
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Spanning-Tree Path Cost

Shortest path is based on cumulative link costs. (cng dn) Link costs are based on the speed of the link
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A Spanning Tree

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ICND v2.03-26

A Spanning Tree

One root bridge per network One root port per nonroot bridge One designated port per segment Nondesignated ports are unused
ICND v2.03-27

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Spanning-Tree Protocol Root Bridge Selection

Bpdu = Bridge Protocol Data Unit (default = sent every two seconds)

Root bridge = Bridge with the lowest bridge ID

Bridge ID = In the example, which switch has the lowest bridge ID?
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Spanning-Tree Port States

Spanning-tree transits each port through several different states:

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ICND v2.03-29

Spanning-Tree Convergence
Convergence occurs when all the switch and bridge ports have transitioned to either the forwarding or the blocking state. When the network topology changes, switches and bridges must recompute the Spanning-Tree Protocol,

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ICND v2.03-30

Rapid Spanning-Tree Protocol

The Rapid Spanning-Tree Protocol is defined in the IEEE 802.1w LAN standard.
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Rapid Spanning-Tree Protocol

The blocked state of a port has been renamed as the discarding state.
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Rapid Transition to Forwarding

Link types have been defined as point-to-point, edge-type, and shared.

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Summary
STP is a bridge-to-bridge protocol used to maintain a loop-free network. STP establishes a root bridge, a root port, and designated ports. With STP, the root bridge has the lowest bridge ID, which is made up of the bridges priority and MAC address. With STP, ports transition through four states: blocking, listening, learning, and forwarding. If a change occurs to the network topology, STP maintains connectivity by transitioning some blocked ports to the forwarding state.

RSTP significantly (ng k) speeds the recalculation of the spanning tree when the network topology changes.
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