Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
ROUTING
Topology changes
When the topology in a distance-vector protocol network changes, routing table updates must occur. Topology change updates proceed stepby-step from router to router. Distance-vector algorithms call for each router to send its entire routing table to each of its adjacent neighbors.
5
Updating process
Routing Loop
A stop routing packets to Net1
Network 1 unreachable
Network 1 Distance 3
Counting to Infinity
Network 1 Distance 4
Network 1 Distance 3
Network 1 Distance 5
8
10
Network 1 Distance 14
Network 1 Distance 15
11
12
13
14
Network 1 Distance 16
Network 1 unreachable
15
16
Network 1 Distance 16
17
18
Network 1 unreachable
Network 1 Distance 2
19
22
24
Topology changes
Whenever a link-state topology changes, the routers first send information to all routers in the internetwork. Each time an LSA packet causes a change to the link-state database, the shortest path first algorithm (SPF) recalculates the best paths and updates the routing table.
25
LS concerns: Bandwidth
During the initial discovery process, all routers using link-state routing protocols send LSA packets to all other routers. After that, link-state routing protocols generally require only minimal bandwidth to send infrequent (khng thng xuyn) or eventtriggered LSA packets that reflect (mang li) topology changes.
28
30
THE CONTEXT OF
DIFFERENT ROUTING PROTOCOLS
32
33
LAN-to-LAN routing
The network layer must understand and be able to interface with various lower layers. Routers must be capable of seamlessly handling packets encapsulated into various lower-level frames without changing the packets' Layer 3 addressing. Although the lower-layer framing must change when the router passes packet traffic, the Layer 3 addressing for source 35 and destination remains the same.
LAN-to-LAN routing
36
LAN-to-WAN routing
The network layer must interface with various lower layers for LAN-to-WAN traffic. The path taken by a packet may encounter several relay points and a variety of data link types. Routers enable packet flow by keeping the layer 3 source and destination addresses constant while encapsulating the packet in 37 data link frames.
LAN-to-WAN routing
38
39
Summary
Functions of the layer 3 include network addressing and best path selection. Routed protocols allow routers to direct user traffic. Routing protocols work between routers to maintain routing tables. DVR, routers exchange of routing tables. LSR, routers calculate the shortest paths. Hybrid routing uses both LSR and DVR. 40
41