Determining IP Routes: © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc

Chapter 9
Determining IP Routes
2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.
9-1
Objectives
Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to complete the following tasks:
Distinguish the use and operation of static and dynamic routes Configure and verify a static route Identify how distance vector IP routing protocols such as RIP and IGRP operate on Cisco routers
Enable Routing Information Protocol (RIP)

Enable Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) Verify IP routing with show and debug commands
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What is Routing?
10.120.2.0 172.16.1.0
To route, a router needs to know:

Destination addresses Sources it can learn from Possible routes Best route Maintain and verify routing information
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What is Routing? (cont.)

10.120.2.0 E0 172.16.1.0
S0
Network Protocol Connected Learned
Destination Network 10.120.2.0 172.16.1.0
Exit Interface E0 S0
Routed Protocol: IP
Routers must learn destinations that are not directly connected

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Identifying Static and Dynamic Routes
Static Route
Uses a route that a network administrator enters into the router manually
Dynamic Route
Uses a route that a network routing protocol adjusts automatically for topology or traffic changes
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Static Routes
Stub Network
172.16.1.0 SO
Network
A 172.16.2.2 172.16.2.1
B B
Configure unidirectional static routes to and from a stub network to allow communications to occur.
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Static Route Configuration
Router(config)#ip route network [mask] {address | interface}[distance] [permanent]
Defines a path to an IP destination network or subnet
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Static Route Example

Stub Network
172.16.1.0
Network
10.0.0.0 A
SO 172.16.2.2 172.16.2.1 B B
ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.1
This is a unidirectional route. You must have a route configured in the opposite direction.
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Default Routes
Stub Network
172.16.1.0
Network
10.0.0.0 A
SO 172.16.2.2 172.16.2.1 B B
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.2.2
This route allows the stub network to reach all known networks beyond router A.
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What is a Routing Protocol?

10.120.2.0 E0 172.16.1.0
Routing protocols are used between routers to determine paths and maintain routing tables. Once the path is determined a router can route a routed protocol.
S0
Network Protocol Connected RIP IGRP
Destination Network 10.120.2.0 172.16.2.0 172.17.3.0
Exit Interface E0 S0 S1
172.17.3.0
Routed Protocol: IP Routing protocol: RIP, IGRP

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Autonomous Systems: Interior or Exterior Routing Protocols

IGPs: RIP, IGRP
EGPs: BGP
Autonomous System 100
Autonomous System 200
An autonomous system is a collection of networks under a common administrative domain IGPs operate within an autonomous system EGPs connect different autonomous systems
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Administrative Distance: Ranking Routes

I need to send a packet to Network E. Both router B and C will get it there. Which route is best?
Router A
IGRP Administrative Distance=100

Router B
RIP Administrative Distance=120
E Router C
Router D
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Classes of Routing Protocols

Distance Vector
C D B A
Hybrid Routing
C
D
Link State
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Distance Vector Routing Protocols

B C DistanceHow far VectorIn which direction A
Routing Table
Routing Table
Routing Table
Routing Table
Pass periodic copies of routing table to neighbor routers and accumulate distance vectors
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Distance VectorSources of Information and Discovering Routes

10.1.0.0
E0
10.2.0.0 A
S0 S0
10.3.0.0 B
S1 S0
10.4.0.0 C
E0
Routing Table 10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 E0 S0 0 0
Routing Table 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 S0 S1 0 0
Routing Table 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0 S0 E0 0 0
Routers discover the best path to destinations from each neighbor

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10.1.0.0
E0
10.2.0.0 A
S0 S0
10.3.0.0 B
S1 S0
10.4.0.0 C
E0
Routing Table 10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 E0 S0 S0 0 0 1
Routing Table 10.2.0.0 S0 S1 S1 0
Routing Table 10.3.0.0 S0 E0 S0 0
10.3.0.0
10.4.0.0 10.1.0.0
0
1 1
10.4.0.0
10.2.0.0
0
1
10.3.0.0
S0

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10.1.0.0
E0
10.2.0.0 A
S0 S0
10.3.0.0 B
S1 S0
10.4.0.0 C
E0
Routing Table 10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 E0 S0 0 0 1
Routing Table 10.2.0.0 S0 S1 S1 0
Routing Table 10.3.0.0 S0 E0 S0 S0 0
10.3.0.0
10.4.0.0 10.1.0.0
0
1 1
10.4.0.0
10.2.0.0 10.1.0.0
0
1 2
10.3.0.0
10.4.0.0
S0
S0
S0

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Distance VectorSelecting Best Route with Metrics

A 56 RIP Hop count IPX Ticks, hop count T1 56 IGRP Bandwidth Delay Load Reliability MTU
T1
B
Information used to select the best path for routing

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Distance VectorMaintaining Routing Information

Process to update this routing table
Topology change causes routing table update
Updates proceed step-by-step from router to router

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Process to update this routing table Router A sends out this updated routing table after the next period expires Topology change causes routing table update

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Process to update this routing table Process to update this routing table
Router A sends out this updated routing table after the next period expires
Topology change causes routing table update

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Maintaining Routing Information ProblemRouting Loops

10.1.0.0
E0
10.2.0.0 A
S0 S0
10.3.0.0 B
S1 S0
10.4.0.0 C
E0
Routing Table 10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0 E0 S0 S0 S0
Routing Table
Routing Table
0
0 1 2
10.2.0.0 S0
0
0 1 1
10.3.0.0 S0 10.4.0.0 E0 10.2.0.0 S0 10.1.0.0 S0
0 0 1 2
10.3.0.0 S1
10.4.0.0 S1 10.1.0.0 S0
Each node maintains the distance from itself to each possible destination network
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10.1.0.0
E0
10.2.0.0 A
S0 S0
10.3.0.0 B
S1 S0
10.4.0.0 C
E0
Routing Table 10.1.0.0 E0 10.2.0.0 S0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0 S0 S0
Routing Table
Routing Table
0
0 1 2
10.2.0.0 S0
0
0 1 1
10.3.0.0 S0 10.2.0.0 10.1.0.0 S0
0 1 2
10.3.0.0 S1
10.4.0.0 S1 10.1.0.0 S0
10.4.0.0 E0 Down
S0
Slow convergence produces inconsistent routing
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10.1.0.0
E0
10.2.0.0 A
S0 S0
10.3.0.0 B
S1 S0
10.4.0.0 C
E0
Routing Table 10.1.0.0 E0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0 S0 S0 S0
Routing Table
Routing Table
0
0 1 2
10.2.0.0 S0
0
0 1 1
10.3.0.0 S0 10.4.0.0 S0 10.2.0.0 10.1.0.0 S0
0 2 1 2
10.3.0.0 S1
10.4.0.0 10.1.0.0 S1 S1
S0
Router C concludes that the best path to network 10.4.0.0 is through Router B
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10.1.0.0
E0
10.2.0.0 A
S0 S0
10.3.0.0 B
S1 S0
10.4.0.0 C
E0
Routing Table
Routing Table
0
0 1 4
10.2.0.0 S0
0
0 3 1
10.3.0.0 S0 10.4.0.0 S0 10.2.0.0 10.1.0.0 S0
0 2 1 2
10.3.0.0 S1
10.4.0.0 S1 10.1.0.0 S0
S0
Router A updates its table to reflect the new but erroneous hop count
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Symptom: Counting to Infinity

10.1.0.0
E0
10.2.0.0 A
S0 S0
10.3.0.0 B
S1 S0
10.4.0.0 C
E0
Routing Table
Routing Table
0
0 1 6
10.2.0.0 S0
0
0 5 1
10.3.0.0 S0 10.4.0.0 S0 10.2.0.0 10.1.0.0 S0
0 4 1 2
10.3.0.0 S1
10.4.0.0 10.1.0.0 S1 S0
S0
Packets for network 10.4.0.0 bounce between routers A, B, and C Hop count for network 10.4.0.0 counts to infinity
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Solution: Defining a Maximum

10.1.0.0
E0
10.2.0.0 A
S0 S0
10.3.0.0 B
S1 S0
10.4.0.0 C
E0
Routing Table
Routing Table
0
0 1 16
10.2.0.0 S0
0
0 16 1
10.3.0.0
10.4.0.0 10.2.0.0
S0 S0 S0
0 16 1 2
10.3.0.0 S1
10.4.0.0 10.1.0.0 S1 S0
10.1.0.0
S0
Define a limit on the number of hops to prevent infinite loops

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Solution: Split Horizon

10.1.0.0
E0
10.2.0.0 A
S0
10.3.0.0 B
S1
10.4.0.0
S0
S0
E0
Routing Table 10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0 E0 S0 S0 S0
Routing Table
Routing Table
0
0 1 2
10.2.0.0 S0
0
0 1 2
10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.1.0.0
S0 S0 S0
0 0 1 2
10.3.0.0 S1
10.4.0.0 10.1.0.0 S1 E1
S0
It is never useful to send information about a route back in the direction from which the original packet came
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Solution: Route Poisoning

10.1.0.0
E0
10.2.0.0 A
S0 S0
10.3.0.0 B
S1 S0
10.4.0.0 C
E0
Routing Table
Routing Table
0
0 1 2
10.2.0.0 S0
0
0 1 2
10.3.0.0
10.4.0.0 10.2.0.0
S0
10.3.0.0 S1
10.4.0.0 S1 10.1.0.0 E1
S0 Infinity 1 S0
10.1.0.0
S0
Routers set the distance of routes that have gone down to infinity
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Solution: Poison Reverse

10.1.0.0
E0
10.2.0.0 A
S0 S0
10.3.0.0 B
S1 S0
10.4.0.0 C
E0
Poison Reverse
Routing Table 10.1.0.0 E0 10.2.0.0 S0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0 S0 S0 Routing Table Routing Table
0
0 1 2
10.2.0.0 S0
0
0
Possibly Down
10.3.0.0
10.4.0.0 10.2.0.0
S0
10.3.0.0 S1
10.4.0.0 S1 10.1.0.0 E1
S0 Infinity 1 S0
10.1.0.0
S0
Poison Reverse overrides split horizon
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Solution: Hold-Down Timers

Network 10.4.0.0 is unreachable
Update after hold-down Time
10.1.0.0
E0
10.2.0.0 A
S0 S0
10.3.0.0 B
S1 S0
10.4.0.0 C
E0
Update after hold-down Time
Network 10.4.0.0 is down then back up then back down
Router keeps an entry for the network possibly down state, allowing time for other routers to recompute for this topology change
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Solution: Triggered Updates

Network 10.4.0.0 is unreachable Network 10.4.0.0 is unreachable Network 10.4.0.0 is unreachable
10.1.0.0
E0
10.2.0.0 A
S0 S0
10.3.0.0 B
S1 S0
10.4.0.0 C
E0
Router sends updates when a change in its routing table occurs
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Implementing Solutions in Multiple Routes

D
10.4.0.0
E B
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Implementing Solutions in Multiple Routes (cont.)

Holddown
10.4.0.0
E
Holddown
A
Holddown
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Holddown Poison Reverse
D
Poison Reverse
10.4.0.0
E
Holddown Poison Reverse Poison Reverse
A
Holddown
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Holddown
10.4.0.0
E
Holddown Packet for Network 10.4.0.0 Packet for Network 10.4.0.0
A
Holddown
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D
10.4.0.0
E B
Link up!
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D
10.4.0.0
E B
Link up!
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Link-State Routing Protocols

B C D
Link-State Packets Topological Database SPF Algorithm
Routing Table
Shortest Path First Tree
After initial flood, pass small event-triggered link-state updates to all other routers
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Hybrid Routing
Choose a routing path based on distance vectors Balanced Hybrid Routing Converge rapidly using change-based updates
Share attributes of both distance-vector and link-state routing

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IP Routing Configuration Tasks

Network 172.16.0.0
Router configuration
Select routing protocols Specify networks or interfaces
RIP
IGRP, RIP
IGRP
Network 160.89.0.0
RIP
Network 172.30.0.0
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Dynamic Routing Configuration

Router(config)#router protocol [keyword]
Defines an IP routing protocol
Router(config-router)#network network-number
Mandatory configuration command for each IP routing process Identifies the physically connected network that routing updates are forwarded to
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RIP Overview
19.2 kbps
T1 T1
Maximum six paths (default = 4)
Hop count metric selects the path Routes update every 30 seconds
T1
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RIP Configuration
Router(config)#router rip
Starts the RIP routing process

Selects participating attached networks The network number must be a major classful network number
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RIP Configuration Example

E0 172.16.1.0 S2 S2 10.1.1.2 B S3 S3 E0 192.168.1.0
A 172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1
C 10.2.2.2 10.2.2.3 192.168.1.1
router rip 2.3.0.0 network 172.16.0.0 network 10.0.0.0
router rip 2.3.0.0 network 192.168.1.0
network 10.0.0.0
router rip network 10.0.0.0
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Verifying the Routing ProtocolRIP

E0 172.16.1.0 S2 S2 10.1.1.2 B S3 S3 E0 192.168.1.0 A 172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1 C 10.2.2.2 10.2.2.3 192.168.1.1
RouterA#sh ip protocols Routing Protocol is "rip" Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 0 seconds Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240 Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is Redistributing: rip Default version control: send version 1, receive any version Interface Send Recv Key-chain Ethernet0 1 1 2 Serial2 1 1 2 Routing for Networks: 10.0.0.0 172.16.0.0 Routing Information Sources: Gateway Distance Last Update 10.1.1.2 120 00:00:10 Distance: (default is 120)
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Displaying the IP Routing Table

E0 S2 S2 10.1.1.2 B S3 S3 E0 192.168.1.0
172.16.1.0
A 172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1
C 10.2.2.2 10.2.2.3 192.168.1.1
RouterA#sh ip route Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default U - per-user static route, o - ODR T - traffic engineered route Gateway of last resort is not set 172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets 172.16.1.0 is directly connected, Ethernet0 10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets 10.2.2.0 [120/1] via 10.1.1.2, 00:00:07, Serial2 10.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial2 192.168.1.0/24 [120/2] via 10.1.1.2, 00:00:07, Serial2 www.cisco.com
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C R C R
debug ip rip Command

E0 172.16.1.0 S2 S2
10.1.1.2 B
S3
S3
E0
192.168.1.0
A 172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1
C 10.2.2.2 10.2.2.3 192.168.1.1
RouterA#debug ip rip RIP protocol debugging is on RouterA# 00:06:24: RIP: received v1 update from 10.1.1.2 on Serial2 00:06:24: 10.2.2.0 in 1 hops 00:06:24: 192.168.1.0 in 2 hops 00:06:33: RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via Ethernet0 (172.16.1.1) 00:06:34: network 10.0.0.0, metric 1 00:06:34: network 192.168.1.0, metric 3 00:06:34: RIP: sending v1 update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial2 (10.1.1.1) 00:06:34: network 172.16.0.0, metric 1
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Introduction to IGRP
IGRP
More scalable than RIP Sophisticated metric Multiple-path support

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IGRP Composite Metric

19.2 kbps Source 19.2 kbps
Destination
Bandwidth Delay Reliability Loading MTU

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IGRP Unequal Multiple Paths

New Route
Source
Initial Route
Destination
Maximum six paths (default = 4) Within metric variance Next-hop router closer to destination
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Configuring IGRP
Router(config)#router igrp autonomous-system
Defines IGRP as the IP routing protocol
Selects participating attached networks
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Configuring IGRP (cont.)
Router(config-router)#variance multiplier
Control IGRP load balancing
Router(config-router)#traffic-share { balanced | min }
Control how load-balanced traffic is distributed
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IGRP Configuration Example

Autonomous System = 100
E0 172.16.1.0 S2 S2 10.1.1.2 B S3 S3 E0 192.168.1.0 A 172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1 C 10.2.2.2 10.2.2.3 192.168.1.1
router igrp 100 network 172.16.0.0 network 10.0.0.0
router igrp 100 network 192.168.1.0 network 10.0.0.0
router igrp 100 network 10.0.0.0
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Verifying the Routing ProtocolIGRP

E0 172.16.1.0 S2 S2 10.1.1.2 B S3 S3 E0 192.168.1.0 A 172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1 C 10.2.2.2 10.2.2.3 192.168.1.1
RouterA#sh ip protocols Routing Protocol is "igrp 100" Sending updates every 90 seconds, next due in 21 seconds Invalid after 270 seconds, hold down 280, flushed after 630 Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is Default networks flagged in outgoing updates Default networks accepted from incoming updates IGRP metric weight K1=1, K2=0, K3=1, K4=0, K5=0 IGRP maximum hopcount 100 IGRP maximum metric variance 1 Redistributing: igrp 100 Routing for Networks: 10.0.0.0 172.16.0.0 Routing Information Sources: Gateway Distance Last Update 10.1.1.2 100 00:01:01 Distance: (default is 100)
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Displaying the IP Routing Table

E0 172.16.1.0 S2 S2 10.1.1.2 B S3 S3 E0 192.168.1.0 A 172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1 C 10.2.2.2 10.2.2.3 192.168.1.1
RouterA#sh ip route Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default U - per-user static route, o - ODR T - traffic engineered route Gateway of last resort is not set 172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets 172.16.1.0 is directly connected, Ethernet0 10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets 10.2.2.0 [100/90956] via 10.1.1.2, 00:00:23, Serial2 10.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial2 192.168.1.0/24 [100/91056] via 10.1.1.2, 00:00:23, Serial2
C
I C I
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debug ip igrp transaction Command

E0 172.16.1.0 S2 S2 10.1.1.2 B S3 S3 E0 192.168.1.0 A 172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1 C 10.2.2.2 10.2.2.3 192.168.1.1
RouterA#debug ip igrp transactions IGRP protocol debugging is on RouterA# 00:21:06: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Ethernet0 (172.16.1.1) 00:21:06: network 10.0.0.0, metric=88956 00:21:06: network 192.168.1.0, metric=91056 00:21:07: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial2 (10.1.1.1) 00:21:07: network 172.16.0.0, metric=1100 00:21:16: IGRP: received update from 10.1.1.2 on Serial2 00:21:16: subnet 10.2.2.0, metric 90956 (neighbor 88956) 00:21:16: network 192.168.1.0, metric 91056 (neighbor 89056)
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debug ip igrp events Command

E0 172.16.1.0 S2 S2 10.1.1.2 B S3 S3 E0 192.168.1.0 A 172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1 C 10.2.2.2 10.2.2.3 192.168.1.1
RouterA#debug ip igrp events IGRP event debugging is on RouterA# 00:23:44: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Ethernet0 (172.16.1.1) 00:23:44: IGRP: Update contains 0 interior, 2 system, and 0 exterior routes. 00:23:44: IGRP: Total routes in update: 2 00:23:44: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial2 (10.1.1.1) 00:23:45: IGRP: Update contains 0 interior, 1 system, and 0 exterior routes. 00:23:45: IGRP: Total routes in update: 1 00:23:48: IGRP: received update from 10.1.1.2 on Serial2 00:23:48: IGRP: Update contains 1 interior, 1 system, and 0 exterior routes. 00:23:48: IGRP: Total routes in update: 2
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ICND v1.0a9-61
Updating Routing Information Example

172.16.1.0 A 172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1
E0
S2
S2 10.1.1.2 B
S3
S3
E0 192.168.1.0
C 10.2.2.2 10.2.2.3 192.168.1.1
RouterA# debug ip igrp trans 00:31:15: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Ethernet0, changed state to down 00:31:15: IGRP: edition is now 3 00:31:15: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial2 (10.1.1.1) 00:31:15: network 172.16.0.0, metric=4294967295 00:31:16: IGRP: Update contains 0 interior, 1 system, and 0 exterior routes. 00:31:16: IGRP: Total routes in update: 1 00:31:16: IGRP: broadcasting request on Serial2 00:31:16: IGRP: received update from 10.1.1.2 on Serial2 00:31:16: subnet 10.2.2.0, metric 90956 (neighbor 88956) 00:31:16: network 172.16.0.0, metric 4294967295 (inaccessible) 00:31:16: network 192.168.1.0, metric 91056 (neighbor 89056) 00:31:16: IGRP: Update contains 1 interior, 2 system, and 0 exterior routes. 00:31:16: IGRP: Total routes in update: 3
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ICND v1.0a9-62
Updating Routing Information Example (cont.)

172.16.1.0 A 172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1
E0
S2
S2 10.1.1.2 B
S3
S3
E0 192.168.1.0
C 10.2.2.2 10.2.2.3 192.168.1.1
RouterB#debug ip igrp trans IGRP protocol debugging is on RouterB# 1d19h: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial2 (10.1.1.2) 1d19h: subnet 10.2.2.0, metric=88956 1d19h: network 192.168.1.0, metric=89056 1d19h: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial3 (10.2.2.2) 1d19h: subnet 10.1.1.0, metric=88956 1d19h: network 172.16.0.0, metric=89056 1d19h: IGRP: received update from 10.1.1.1 on Serial2 1d19h: network 172.16.0.0, metric 4294967295 (inaccessible) 1d19h: IGRP: edition is now 10 1d19h: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial2 (10.1.1.2) 1d19h: subnet 10.2.2.0, metric=88956 1d19h: network 172.16.0.0, metric=4294967295 1d19h: network 192.168.1.0, metric=89056 1d19h: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial3 (10.2.2.2) 1d19h: subnet 10.1.1.0, metric=88956 1d19h: network 172.16.0.0, metric=4294967295
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ICND v1.0a9-63

172.16.1.0 A 172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1
E0
S2
S2 10.1.1.2 B
S3
S3
E0 192.168.1.0
C 10.2.2.2 10.2.2.3 192.168.1.1
RouterB#sh ip route Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default U - per-user static route, o - ODR T - traffic engineered route Gateway of last resort is not set I 172.16.0.0/16 is possibly down, routing via 10.1.1.1, Serial2 10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets C 10.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial2 C 10.2.2.0 is directly connected, Serial3 I 192.168.1.0/24 [100/89056] via 10.2.2.3, 00:00:14, Serial3 RouterB#ping 172.16.1.1 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 172.16.1.1, timeout is 2 seconds: ..... Success rate is 0 percent (0/5) RouterB#
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ICND v1.0a9-64

E0 172.16.1.0 S2 S2 10.1.1.2 B S3 S3 E0 192.168.1.0 A 172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1 C 10.2.2.2 10.2.2.3 192.168.1.1
RouterB#debug ip igrp transactions RouterB# 1d20h: IGRP: received update from 10.1.1.1 on Serial2 1d20h: network 172.16.0.0, metric 89056 (neighbor 1100) RouterB# RouterB#sh ip route Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default U - per-user static route, o - ODR T - traffic engineered route Gateway of last resort is not set I 172.16.0.0/16 is possibly down, routing via 10.1.1.1, Serial2 10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets C 10.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial2 C 10.2.2.0 is directly connected, Serial3 I 192.168.1.0/24 [100/89056] via 10.2.2.3, 00:00:18, Serial3 RouterB#ping 172.16.1.1 Type escape sequence to abort. Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 172.16.1.1, timeout is 2 seconds: !!!!! Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 32/38/48 ms
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ICND v1.0a9-65
ip classless Command
Default route 10.7.1.1 E0 10.1.0.0 S0 172.16.0.0 10.2.0.0
Router(config)#ip classless
Network Protocol C C RIP
Destination Network
Exit Interface E0 S0 S0 E0
To get to 10.7.1.1:
With ip classless Default Drop
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10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 172.16.0.0 via 0.0.0.0
With no ip classless
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Visual Objective
wg_pc_a 10.2.2.12
RIP
e0/1 e0/2 e0 10.2.2.3 wg_sw_a 10.2.2.11 wg_pc_l 10.13.13.12 e0/1 e0/2 e0 10.13.13.3 wg_ro_a s0 10.140.1.2/24
pod A B C D E F G H I J K L
ros s0 10.140.1.2 10.140.2.2 10.140.3.2 10.140.4.2 10.140.5.2 10.140.6.2 10.140.7.2 10.140.8.2 10.140.9.2 10.140.10.2 10.140.11.2 10.140.12.2
ros e0 10.2.2.3 10.3.3.3 10.4.4.3 10.5.5.3 10.6.6.3 10.7.7.3 10.8.8.3 10.9.9.3 10.10.10.3 10.11.11.3 10.12.12.3 10.13.13.3
sw 10.2.2.11 10.10.10.11 10.4.4.11 10.5.5.11 10.6.6.11 10.7.7.11 10.8.8.11 10.9.9.11 10.3.3.11 10.11.11.11 10.12.12.11 10.13.13.11
RIP
wg_ro_l
LL
s0 10.140.12.2/24
wg_sw_l 10.13.13.11
... fa0/24 core_ server 10.1.1.1

s1/0 - s2/3 10.140.1.1/24 10.140.12.1/24
fa0/23 core_sw_a 10.1.1.2
fa0/0 core_ro 10.1.1.3
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ICND v1.0a9-67
Visual Objective
wg_pc_a 10.2.2.12 e0/1
IGRP
e0/2 e0 10.2.2.3 wg_ro_a
wg_sw_a 10.2.2.11
wg_pc_l 10.13.13.12 e0/1 e0/2 wg_sw_l 10.13.13.11 e0 10.13.13.3 s0 10.140.12.2/24
s0 10.140.1.2/24
IGRP
wg_ro_l
pod A B C D E F G H I J K L
ros s0 10.140.1.2 10.140.2.2 10.140.3.2 10.140.4.2 10.140.5.2 10.140.6.2 10.140.7.2 10.140.8.2 10.140.9.2 10.140.10.2 10.140.11.2 10.140.12.2
ros e0 10.2.2.3 10.3.3.3 10.4.4.3 10.5.5.3 10.6.6.3 10.7.7.3 10.8.8.3 10.9.9.3 10.10.10.3 10.11.11.3 10.12.12.3 10.13.13.3
sw 10.2.2.11 10.10.10.11 10.4.4.11 10.5.5.11 10.6.6.11 10.7.7.11 10.8.8.11 10.9.9.11 10.3.3.11 10.11.11.11 10.12.12.11 10.13.13.11
LL
s1/0 - s2/3 ... fa0/24 core_ server 10.1.1.1

10.140.1.1/24 10.140.12.1/24
fa0/23
fa0/0 core_ro 10.1.1.3 www.cisco.com

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core_sw_a 10.1.1.2
Summary
After completing this chapter, you should be able to perform the following tasks:
Determine when to use a static or dynamic route. Configure a static route on a Cisco Router. Describe how distance vector routing protocols operate. Configure the RIP and IGRP routing protocols on a Cisco router. Use show ip route, show ip protocols, and other show and debug commands to verify proper routing operation.
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ICND v1.0a9-69
Review Questions
1. What is an advantage of using a static route rather than a dynamic route? What is a disadvantage? 2. What is the advantage of using IGRP rather then RIP? What is a possible disadvantage? 3. To scale up to very large IP networks, what routing protocols are recommended?
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ICND v1.0a9-70

Determining IP Routes: © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc

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Chapter 9

Enable Routing Information Protocol (RIP)

To route, a router needs to know:

What is Routing? (cont.)

Network Protocol Connected Learned

Destination Network 10.120.2.0 172.16.1.0

Routers must learn destinations that are not directly connected

Identifying Static and Dynamic Routes

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2000, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Static Route Configuration

Router(config)#ip route network [mask] {address | interface}[distance] [permanent]

Defines a path to an IP destination network or subnet

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Static Route Example

ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.1

ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.2.2

What is a Routing Protocol?

Network Protocol Connected RIP IGRP

Destination Network 10.120.2.0 172.16.2.0 172.17.3.0

Routed Protocol: IP Routing protocol: RIP, IGRP

Autonomous Systems: Interior or Exterior Routing Protocols

Autonomous System 100

Autonomous System 200

Administrative Distance: Ranking Routes

IGRP Administrative Distance=100

RIP Administrative Distance=120

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Classes of Routing Protocols

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Distance Vector Routing Protocols

Distance VectorSources of Information and Discovering Routes

Routing Table 10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 E0 S0 0 0

Routing Table 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 S0 S1 0 0

Routing Table 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0 S0 E0 0 0

Routers discover the best path to destinations from each neighbor

Distance VectorSources of Information and Discovering Routes

Routing Table 10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 E0 S0 S0 0 0 1

Routing Table 10.2.0.0 S0 S1 S1 0

Routing Table 10.3.0.0 S0 E0 S0 0

Routers discover the best path to destinations from each neighbor

Distance VectorSources of Information and Discovering Routes

Routing Table 10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 E0 S0 0 0 1

Routing Table 10.2.0.0 S0 S1 S1 0

Routing Table 10.3.0.0 S0 E0 S0 S0 0

Routers discover the best path to destinations from each neighbor

Distance VectorSelecting Best Route with Metrics

Information used to select the best path for routing

Distance VectorMaintaining Routing Information

Updates proceed step-by-step from router to router

Distance VectorMaintaining Routing Information

Updates proceed step-by-step from router to router

Distance VectorMaintaining Routing Information

Topology change causes routing table update

Updates proceed step-by-step from router to router

Maintaining Routing Information ProblemRouting Loops

Routing Table 10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0 E0 S0 S0 S0

10.3.0.0 S0 10.4.0.0 E0 10.2.0.0 S0 10.1.0.0 S0

Maintaining Routing Information ProblemRouting Loops

Routing Table 10.1.0.0 E0 10.2.0.0 S0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0 S0 S0

10.3.0.0 S0 10.2.0.0 10.1.0.0 S0

Slow convergence produces inconsistent routing