Drill:

Calculate the mass in kg of material with a density of 7.50 g/mL in a 2.0 m x 500.0 5 mm 4.00 x 10 mm container. 3 1 cm = 1 mL

Chapter 2

Atoms, Molecules, & Ions

Atomic Theory
Elements composed of atoms Atoms cant be changed Compounds of multiple atoms John Dalton

Conservation of Mass In ordinary chemical reactions, matter can be neither created nor destroyed

Constant Composition
Compounds contain elements that are always in the same proportions

Multiple Proportions The elements making up a compound will form whole number ratios

Atom
The smallest particle that an element can be broken down into and still maintain the properties of the element

Nuclear Atom
Proved by Rutherford & Bohr in the famous gold foil experiments

Atomic Composition
Proton: in the nucleus Neutron: in the nucleus Electron: outside the nucleus

Proton
In Nucleus +1 charge About 1 amu in mass

Neutron
In nucleus Neutral in charge Mass is about 1 amu

Electron
Outside the nucleus -1 in charge Negligible mass about 1/2000 amu

Electron Charge
Determined by Robert Milliken in the famous oil droplet experiment

Drill: Convert: 1) 23 cm/ms to km/ns 2) 56 mg/nL to kg/ML

Atomic Number
The number of protons in an element Z number

Mass Number
The number of protons and neutrons in an atom A - number

Nuclear Symbol
A 4

X
2

He

Isotopes
Atoms that contain the same number of protons, but different number of neutrons Z constant, A variable

Atomic Mass
The weighted average mass of all the isotopes of an element average of relative abundance x mass number for each isotope

Periodic Table
Graphic representation of all the elements indicating size, charge, electronic structure, & reactivity

Periods
Rows which indicate energy level or shell or size of the atoms

Groups or Families
Columns which indicate the number of electrons in the outermost energy level determining charge & reactivity

Metals
Left three quarters of the chart Lose electrons Become positive

Nonmetals
Upper right portion Gain, lose, or share electrons when they react

Metalloids
Along the stair-stepped line from B to At Share properties of metals & nonmetals

Radioactivity The spontaneous breakdown of an unstable nucleus

Radioactive Decay
Alpha radiation Beta radiation Gamma radiation

Alpha Particle
Helium nucleus 2 protons & two neutrons mass = 4 & charge = +2 Low penetrating power

Beta Particle
High speed electron Mass = 0 & charge = -1 Medium penetrating power

Gamma Rays
High energy electromagnetic wave No mass or charge Very high penetrating power

Drill:
List & describe each of the three radioactive particles

Compound
A group of atoms that are chemically combined

Molecule A compound that can exist by itself

Diatomic Molecule
Two atoms of the same element that are chemically combined Cl2, F2, O2

Ion
Charged Particle -1 Cl

Polyatomic Ion
A group of atoms chemically combined that together has a charge -2 SO4

Binary Compound
A compound made up of two elements in any ratio NaCl Mg3P2

Chemical Formula
A formula that shows the number and kinds of atoms in a compound CaCO3

Molecular Formula
A formula that shows the number and kinds of atoms in a molecule C6H12O6

Atomic Structure
List & describe the three subatomic particles

Atomic Structure
Fill in the Chart:
Isotope protons neutrons electrons U-235 56 80 14 13

Calculate the atomic mass of the element made up of the following isotopes: 99.50 % H-1 0.30 % H-2 0.20 % H-3

Calculate the atomic mass of the element made up of the following isotopes: 5.0 % Pu-242, 5.0 % Pu-243 80.0 % Pu-244, & 10.0 % Pu-245

Determine the number of of atoms in each compound C6H12O6 NaNO3 H3PO4 Al2(SO4)3

List & describe each of the three types of radiation

Chapter 2 General Define all the Key Terms on page 48

Nuclear Symbols Work problems: 11 - 18 on page 50

Nuclear Symbols Work problems: 19 - 24 on page 50

Elements & PT Work problems: 27 - 88 on page 51

Nomenclature Work problems: 45 - 48 on page 51

Nomenclature Work problems: 49 - 54 on page 51

Nomenclature Work problems: 55 & 56 on page 52