Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
The Law of Demand: There is an inverse relationship between the price of an item and the quantity demanded.
As price goes up, the quantity demanded will go down. As price goes down, the quantity demanded will go up.
Marginal Utility is the additional satisfaction or usefulness a consumer gets from having one more unit of a product. Diminishing Marginal Utility states that the extra satisfaction we get from using additional quantities of the product begins to decline. How many cars do you really need?
Demand Schedule table that lists how much of a product consumers will buy at all possible prices
Price $30 $25 $20 $15 $10 $5 Quantity Demanded 0 1 1 3 5 8
Demand Curve a graph showing the quantity demanded at each and every price that might prevail in the market
(graphs in motion)
Change in Demand
Caused by a change in factors other than price Consumers decide to buy different amounts of the product at the same prices Graphically represented by a shift of the demand curve, giving an entirely new demand curve (graphs in motion) Can be caused by changes in: consumer income consumer tastes (trends) cost of substitutes cost of complements consumer expectations number of consumers
Substitution effect the change in quantity demanded due to a price change that makes other products more or less costly
Type of demand
Change in Price Change in quantity demanded Change in expenditures (price times quantity)
Elastic
Down Up Up
Inelastic
Down Up Down
Unit Elastic
Down Up Same
Some determinants of Elasticity Can the purchase be delayed? Are adequate substitutes available? Does purchase use a large portion of income?
Change in Supply
Caused by a change in factors other than price Producers offer different amounts of the product to sell at the same prices Graphically represented by a shift of the demand curve, giving an entirely new demand curve Can be caused by changes in: cost of resources, productivity, technology, expectations taxes and subsidies, government regulations number of sellers
Supply is elastic when a change in price results in a relatively larger change in quantity supplied. (m<+1) Supply is inelastic when a change in price results in a relatively smaller change in quantity supplied. (m>+1)
A product is unit elastic when a change in price results in a proportional change in quantity supplied. (m=-1)
- Each additional worker adds more to the total output than the worker before.
II. Decreasing marginal returns - Each additional worker is making a diminishing, but still positive, contribution III. Negative marginal returns - Each additional worker decreases total output