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Chapter 8

Momentum and Momentum Conservation

Momentum

The linear momentum p of an object of mass m moving with a velocity is defined as the product of the mass and the velocity v p mv
SI Units are kg m / s Vector quantity, the direction of the momentum is the same as the velocitys

Momentum components

p x mv x and p y mv y

Applies to two-dimensional motion

Impulse

In order to change the momentum of an object, a force must be applied The time rate of change of momentum of an object is equal to the net force acting on it, e.g.

v vo at mv mvo mat mvo Ft Ft mv mvo

Gives an alternative statement of Newtons second law

Impulse cont.

When a single, constant force acts on the object, there is an impulse J delivered to the object J Ft F (t 2 t1)
is defined as the impulse Vector quantity, the direction is the same as the direction of the force Unit Ns=kgm/s

Impulse-Momentum Theorem

The theorem states that the impulse acting on the object is equal to the change in momentum of the object

F (t 2 t1) p 2 p1

Impulse=change in momentum (vector!) If the force is not constant, use the average force applied

Impulse Applied to Auto Collisions

The most important factor is the collision time or the time it takes the person to come to a rest
This will reduce the chance of dying in a car crash

Ways to increase the time


Seat belts Air bags

Air Bags

The air bag increases the time of the collision It will also absorb some of the energy from the body It will spread out the area of contact
decreases the pressure helps prevent penetration wounds

Conservation of Momentum

Total momentum of a system equals to the vector sum of the momenta

p pi p1 p 2 p3 ...
i

When no resultant external force acts on a system, the total momentum of the system remains constant in magnitude and direction.

Conservation of Momentum

Momentum in an isolated system in which a collision occurs is conserved


A collision may be the result of physical contact between two objects Contact may also arise from the electrostatic interactions of the electrons in the surface atoms of the bodies An isolated system will have not external forces

Conservation of Momentum, cont

The principle of conservation of momentum states when no external forces act on a system consisting of two objects that collide with each other, the total momentum of the system remains constant in time
Specifically, the total momentum before the collision will equal the total momentum after the collision

Conservation of Momentum, cont.

Mathematically:

mAvA mBvB mAv'A mBv'B


Momentum is conserved for the system of objects The system includes all the objects interacting with each other Assumes only internal forces are acting during the collision Can be generalized to any number of objects

Example
A 60 grams tennis ball traveling at 40m/s is returned with the same speed. If the contact time between racket and the ball is 0.03s, what is the force on the ball?

Example
A 5kg ball moving at 2 m/s collides head on with another 3kg ball moving at 2m/s in the opposite direction. If the 3kg ball rebounds with the same speed. What is the velocity of the 5 kg ball after collision?

Recoil

System is released from rest Momentum of the system is zero before and after

mAv mBv 0
' A ' B

Example
4 kg rifle shoots a 50 grams bullet. If the velocity of the bullet is 280 m/s, what is the recoil velocity of the rifle?

Types of Collisions

Momentum is conserved in any collision Perfect elastic collision


both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved

KEbefore KEafter

Collision of billiard balls, steel balls

More Types of Collisions

Inelastic collisions
Kinetic energy is not conserved

Some of the kinetic energy is converted into other types of energy such as heat, sound, work to permanently deform an object

completely inelastic collisions occur when the objects stick together

Not all of the KE is necessarily lost

Actual collisions
Most collisions fall between elastic and completely inelastic collisions

More About Perfectly Inelastic Collisions

When two objects stick together after the collision, they have undergone a perfectly inelastic collision Conservation of momentum becomes

m Av A mB vB (m A mB )V m A v A mB v B V m A mB

Example
Railroad car (10,000kg) travels at 10m/s and strikes another railroad car (15,000kg) at rest. They couple after collision. Find the final velocity of the two cars. What is the energy loss in the collision?

Some General Notes About Collisions

Momentum is a vector quantity


Direction is important Be sure to have the correct signs

More About Elastic Collisions

Both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved Typically have two unknowns
mAv A mB vB mAv' A mB v'B 1 1 1 1 2 2 '2 '2 mAv A mB vB mAv A mB vB 2 2 2 2 Solve the equations simultaneously

A Simple Case, vB=0


Head on elastic collision with object B at rest before collision.

One can show

m A mB v vA A m A mB 2m A v vA B m A mB

Summary of Types of Collisions

In an elastic collision, both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved In an inelastic collision, momentum is conserved but kinetic energy is not In a perfectly inelastic collision, momentum is conserved, kinetic energy is not, and the two objects stick together after the collision, so their final velocities are the same

Glancing Collisions

For a general collision of two objects in three-dimensional space, the conservation of momentum principle implies that the total momentum of the system in each direction is conserved

Ballistic Pendulum

Measure speed of bullet Momentum conservation of the collision Energy conservation during the swing of the pendulum

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