Computer Networks

Computer networks are build primarily from general-purpose hardware (not optimized for particular applications like phone call, data traffic or videos conversation)

Generality

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Applications
Networks are known by application they carry
(wrold wide web, email, streaming audio, chat and music file sharing)

How web works (click a link at http://www.au.edu.pk/faculty_engineering_about.htm)

Web contains textual pages with objects linked to them Each object is bound to unique identifier (URL) Clicking 1 URL generate 17 messages at min over network
6 for domain translation 3 for set up TCP connection 4 for HTTP request 3 for HTTP response

(doesn't include thousands of in between messages)

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Identifying network design requirements & constraints

Application programmer list the services required for the application
(Guarantee each message would be delivered without error)

Network designer list the properties of a costeffective design

(network resources are efficiently utilized and fairly allocated)

Network provider list the characteristics of a system that is easy to administer and manage
(Easy fault detection and accounting of usage)
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Requirements
Connectivity
limited machines, corporate networks, internet (scalability) Links , Nodes and Clouds Network : pair of nodes (P2P) , multiple access, indirect connection (switched network : circuit switched packet switched) Packet Switched : store and forward Circuit Switched: establishes the dedicated circuit across a sequence of links

After providing connectivity between host to host, is that enough for network designer ? address
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More to do for network designer

Addressing Routing
Route

Connectivity type
Unicast BroadCast MultiCast
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Cost Effective Resource Sharing

Key requirement for computer networks is efficiency (Packet switching is the choice) A node when connected can send message to any other node at network What if all nodes want to exchange messages at same time ANS : Multiplexing
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Computer Networks
Computer networks are build primarily from general-purpose hardware (not optimized for particular applications like phone call, data traffic or videos conversation)

Generality

26-Jul-13

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Applications
Networks are known by application they carry
(wrold wide web, email, streaming audio, chat and music file sharing)

How web works (click a link at http://www.au.edu.pk/faculty_engineering_about.htm)

Web contains textual pages with objects linked to them Each object is bound to unique identifier (URL) Clicking 1 URL generate 17 messages at min over network
6 for domain translation 3 for set up TCP connection 4 for HTTP request 3 for HTTP response

(doesn't include thousands of in between messages)

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Identifying network design requirements & constraints

Application programmer list the services required for the application
(Guarantee each message would be delivered without error)

Network designer list the properties of a costeffective design

(network resources are efficiently utilized and fairly allocated)

Network provider list the characteristics of a system that is easy to administer and manage
(Easy fault detection and accounting of usage)
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Requirements
Connectivity
limited machines, corporate networks, internet (scalability) Links , Nodes and Clouds Network : pair of nodes (P2P) , multiple access, indirect connection (switched network : circuit switched packet switched) Packet Switched : store and forward Circuit Switched: establishes the dedicated circuit across a sequence of links

After providing connectivity between host to host, is that enough for network designer ? address
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More to do for network designer

Addressing Routing
Route

Connectivity type
Unicast BroadCast MultiCast
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Cost Effective Resource Sharing

Key requirement for computer networks is efficiency (Packet switching is the choice) A node when connected can send message to any other node at network What if all nodes want to exchange messages at same time ANS : Multiplexing
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Statistical Multiplexing
queue

switch

Each flow is broken into packets and sent to a switch, which can deal with the arriving packets according to a policy (FIFO, round-robin, etc).
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Analytical Framework
l1 m

l2

The M/M/1 Queue l3

Say l1, l2 , and l3 are packet arrival rates and m the service rate. If we can characterize the probability distributions of packet interarrival times and of packet service times, queueing theory can help us compute metrics such as throughput, wait time, etc.
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Network Architecture
Application programs Process-to-process channels Host-to-host connectivity Hardw are

How is a layered architecture helpful in the design of networks that meet the goals we stated?
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Protocols, Layers, and Interfaces

Host A

Host B Layer n
peer interface

Layer n
service interface

Layer n-1

Protocol: a communication service that higher-level objects use to exchange messages.

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Protocol Graph
Host 1 Digital library application Host 2 File application Video application File application

Digital library application

Video application

RRP: request/reply protocol. MSP: message stream protocol.

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HHP: host-to-host protocol.

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The ISO/OSI Reference Model

Source: Computer Networks, Andrew Tanenbaum

ISO: International Standards Organization OSI: Open Systems Interconnection Application The protocol stack:
The idea behind the model: Break up the design to make implementation simpler. Each layer has a well-defined function. Layers pass to one another only the information that is relevant at each level. Communication happens only between adjacent layers.

Presentation Session

Transport
Network Data link Physical

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The Layers in the ISO/OSI RF Model

Physical: Transmit raw bits over the medium.
Data Link: Implements the abstraction of an error free medium (handle losses, duplication, errors, flow control).

Network: Routing.
Transport: Break up data into chunks, send them down the protocol stack, receive chunks, put them in the right order, pass them up. Session: Establish connections between different users and different hosts. Presentation: Handle syntax and semantics of the info, such as encoding, encrypting.

Application: Protocols commonly needed by applications (cddb, http, ftp, telnet, etc).
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Communication Between Layers within a Host

Its important to specify the services offered to higher layers in the hierarchy. What they are + how to use them = interface.

Layer n+1
SAP

SAP

Layer n

SAPs (service access points)

SAP
Note: This is ISO terminology.

SAP

Layer n-1
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Encapsulation
sender
data

Application
Presentation Session Transport Network

AH

data data data data data

PH
SH TH NH DH

Data link
Physical
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data
BITS

DT

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Communication Between Layers in Different Hosts

End host End host Application Application

Presentation

Presentation

Session

Session

Transport

Transport

Network

Network

Network

Network

Data link

Data link

Data link

Data link

Phy sical

Phy sical

Phy sical

Phy sical

One or more nodes within the network. within the network

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One or more nodes

2.2 Internet Model

Source: The TCP/IP Protocol Suite, Behrouz A. Forouzan

Peer-to-Peer Processes

Functions of Layers Summary of Layers

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Figure 2.2

Internet layers

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Figure 2.3

Peer-to-peer processes

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Figure 2.4

An exchange using the Internet model

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Figure 2.5

Physical layer

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The Layers in the TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Application Presentation Session
Transport
ICMP IGMP

FTP

HTTP

DNS

NFS

TCP

UDP

Network

IP
ARP RARP

Data link Physical

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Reliability
Networks must deal with:
Physical damage to cables, Electromagnetic interference, Machine crashes and reboots, Memory limitations, Software bugs.

Classes of failure:
Bit errors (single bit or burst), Packet loss, Link and node failures.

Metrics:
Bit error rate, Packet loss ratio, End-to-end delay

Challenge: Fill in the gap between what applications expect of the medium and what underlying technologies can actually provide.
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Performance
throughput Bandwidth: number of bits transmitted over a

network per unit time

(a) 1

(b) 1

We can talk about bandwidth at the physical level, but we can also talk about logical process-to-process bandwidth. Delay

Latency: time taken for a message to travel from one end of the network to the other.
Again, we can consider a single-link or an end-to-end channel.

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terminology
Bandwidth
measure of link capability

(MHz or bps)

possible Throughput
measure of performance of the link

actual
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One way latency versus RTT (Round trip time)

Latency
Latency Propagation Transmit Queue Propagation Distance / Speed of light
2.0 10 8 m / s in a fiber Speed of light 2.3 10 8 m / s in a cable 3.0 10 8 m / s in a vaccum

Transmit = Size of Packet / Path Bandwidth

Amount of time to transmit a unit of data, function of n/w bandwidth and size of packet

Queue = switching time

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Delay x Bandwidth
Delay Bandwidth

This product is analogous to the volume of a pipe or the number of bits it holds. It corresponds to how many bits the sender must transmit before the first bit arrives at the receiver. Delay may be thought of as one-way latency or round-trip time (RTT) depending on the context.

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Throughput
Throughput Transfer size / Transfer t ime
(effective end-to-end throughput)

Transfer t ime RTT 1/Bandwidth Transfersize

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Jitter
Interpacket gap 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1

Packet source

Network

Packet sink

Jitter is a variation (somewhat random) of the latency from packet to packet. Jitter is most often observed when packets traverse multiple hops from source to destination. Question: What is the cause of jitter?

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Latency vs. RTT

10,000 5000 2000 1000 500 200 100 50 20 10 5 2 1 10 RTT (ms) 100 1-MB object, 1.5-Mbps link 1-MB object, 10-Mbps link 2-KB object, 1.5-Mbps link 2-KB object, 10-Mbps link 1-by te object, 1.5-Mbps link 1-by te object, 10-Mbps link

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