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PARENTS
NUMBER PROPERTIES
THE OPERATION CALLED ADDITION
Associative Property of Addition:
In Arithmetic: (5 + 3) + 2 = 5 + (3 + 2)
In Algebra: (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
Commutative Property of Addition
In Arithmetic: 8 + 4 = 4 + 8
In Algebra: a+b=b+a
Identity Property of Addition
In Arithmetic: 6 + 0 = 6
In Algebra: a+0=a
Inverse Operation of Addition
In Algebra: a + b = c, then
c - a = b and c - b = a
THE OPERATION CALLED SUBTRACTION
Inverse Operation of Subtraction
In Arithmetic: If 16 - 9 = 7, then
9 + 7 = 16 and 7 + 9 = 16
In Algebra: c - b = a, then
b + a = c and a + b = c
THE OPERATION CALLED DIVISION
Inverse Operation of Division
In Arithmetic: If 48 / 8 = 6, then
8 x 6 = 48 and 6 x 8 = 48
In Algebra: c / b = a, then
b x a = c and a x b = c
THE OPERATION CALLED MULTIPLICATION
Associative Property of Multiplication
In Arithmetic: (5 x 4) x 2 = 5 x (4 x 2)
In Algebra: (a x b) x c = a x (b x c)
or (ab) c = a (bc)
Commutative Property of Multiplication
In Arithmetic: 6 x 9 = 9 x 6
In Algebra: a x b = b x a or ab = ba
Identity Property of Multiplication
In Arithmetic: 7 x 1 = 7
In Algebra: a x 1 = a or a • 1 = a
Multiplication Property of Zero
In Arithmetic: 9 x 0 = 0
In Algebra: a x 0 = 0 or a • 0 = 0
ADD
To put one thing, set or group with another thing, set or group.
ADDEND
Numbers to be added.
Example: 12 + 23 = 25 a + b + c = abc
ADDITION
The operation of putting together two or more numbers, things,
groups or sets.
Example: 8 + 2 + 4 = 14 is an addition problem
ARRAY
An orderly arrangement of persons or things, rows and columns.
The number of elements in an array can be found by multiplying
the number of rows by the number of columns.
Example: * * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * * 3 x 6 = 18
Associative Property of Addition-Multiplication/Attribute
AVERAGE
A number found by dividing the sum (total) of two or the sum
(total) of two or more quantities by the number of quantities.
The average of 86, 54, 9 and 93 is 68.
STEP 1 STEP 2
86 68 is the average
54 How many addends? 4) 272
39 Quantity is 4 - 24
+ 93 32
272 sum or total - 32
0
AXIS (axes)
Horizontal and vertical number lines in a number plane.
Bar Graph/Braces
Colors the Class Likes
BAR GRAPH 25
CAPACITY
The amount that can be held in a space.
CARDINAL NUMBER
A number that tells how many there are.
Example: There are five squares
CENTIGRADE
Divided into one hundred degrees (100%). On the centigrade
temperature scale, freezing point is at zero degrees (0%). The
boiling point water is at one hundred degrees (100º)
* Celsius scale is the official name of the temperature
CENT
A coin of the United States and Canada. One hundred cents
make a dollar.
CENTIMETER
A unit of length in the metric system. A centimeter is equal to one
hundredths of a meter or .39 of an inch.
Century/Closed Figure/Closure
CENTURY
A period of one hundred years.
CLOSED FIGURE
A geometric figure that entirely encloses part of the plane.
CLOSURE
A property of a set of numbers such that the operation with two or
more numbers of that set results in a number of the set.
Example: In addition and multiplication with counting
numbers, the results is a counting numbers.
2 + 4 = 6; 2 x 4 = 8
Thus, the counting numbers are closed under
these two operations.
In subtraction, if 4 is subtracted from 2, the result
(-2) is not a counting number. Also in dividing a
2 by 4, the results (1/2) is not a counting
number. Thus, the counting numbers are not
closed with respect to subtraction and division.
Combine/Common/Common Factor/Common Multiple
COMBINE
To put (join) together.
COMMON
Belonging equally to all.
COMMON FACTOR
A common factor of two or more numbers is a number which is a
factor of each of the numbers.
Example: 8 = {1, 2, 4, 8}
32 = {1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32}
1, 2, 4 and 8 are the common factors of 8 and 32
COMMON MULTIPLE
A common multiple of two or more numbers is a number which is a
multiple of each of the numbers.
Example: 12 = {12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120}
15 = {15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135, 150}
60 and 120 are the common multiples
Commutative Property of (Addition)(Multiplication)/
Compare/Composite Number
COMMUTATIVE PROPERTY OF ADDITION
The order of two numbers (addends) may be switched around and
the answer (total, sum) is the same.
Example: 7 + 4 = 11 and 4 + 7 = 11;
therefore, 7 + 4 = 4 + 7
COMMUTATIVE PROPERTY OF MULTIPLICATION
The order of two numbers (factors) may be switched around and
the answer (total product) is the same.
Example: 8 x 6 = 48 and 8 x 6 = 48;
therefore, 8 x 6 = 6 x 8
COMPARE
To study, discover and/or find out how persons or things are alike
or different.
COMPOSITE NUMBER
A number which has factors other than itself and one.
Since 16 = 1 x 16, 2 x 8 and 4 x 4, it is a composite number.
Conditional Sentence/Congruent Figure/Conjecture/Conjunction
COORDINATES
To numbers, an ordered pair, used to plot a point in a number
plane.
COUNTING NUMBER (Natural Numbers)
To numbers, an ordered pair, used to plot a point in a number
plane.
Example: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. . .
*There is no longest number.
Counting numbers are infinite.
DECADE
A period of ten years.
DECIMAL
Names the same number as a fraction when the denominator is
10, 100, 1000. . . It is written with a decimal point.
Example: .75
Decimal System/Diagonal/Degree/Denominator
DECIMAL SYSTEM
A plan for naming numbers that is based on ten is called a decimal
system of numeration. The Hindu-Arabic system is a decimal
system.
DIAGONAL
A straight line that connects the opposite corners of a rectangle.
Example:
DEGREE
A unit of angle measurement.
DENOMINATOR
In 3/5 the denominator is 5. It tells the number of equal parts,
groups or sets the whole was divided.
Difference/Digit/Disjoint Sets
DIFFERENCE
The number which results when one number is subtracted from
another is called the difference. It is a missing addend in addition.
Example: 7 - 4 = 3 the difference is 3
DIGIT
Any one of the basic numerals, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, is a digit.
The numeral 12 is a two-digit numeral and the numeral 354 is a
three digit numeral.
DISJOINT SETS
Sets that have no members in common are disjoint sets.
Example: Set A = {a, b}, Set B {1, 2, 3}.
Sets A and B are disjoint
Distributive Property of Multiplication over Addition/Divide/Dividend
DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY OF
MULTIPLICATION OVER ADDITION
Multiplication by the same factor may be distributed over two or
more addends.
Example: 3 x (6 + 4) = (3 x 6) + (3 x 4)
= 18 + 12
= 30
DIVIDE
To separate into equal parts, pieces, groups or sets..
Example: xx xx xx xx xx
10 2 = 5
DIVIDEND
A number that shows the total amount to be separated into equal
parts, groups of sets by another number.
Example: 100 25 = 4, the dividend is 100
Divisible/Divisor/Element/Element of a Set/Empty Set
DIVISIBLE
Capability of being separated equally without a remainder.
Example: 18 is divisible by 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 18
DIVISOR
A number that tells what kind of equal parts, groups or sets the
dividend is to be separated.
ELEMENT
A member of a set.
ELEMENT OF A SET
A member of a set.
EMPTY SET
The set which has no members. The number of the empty set is
zero. A symbol for the empty set is { }.
Equal/Endpoint/Equal Sets/Equal Sign
EQUAL
A relationship between two expressions denoting exactly the same
or equivalent quantities.
Example: The two expressions 2 + 6 and 3 + 5 are
said to be equal because they both
denote exactly the same quantity.
ENDPOINT
A point at the end of a line segment or ray.
EQUAL SETS
Two sets with exactly the same things, elements or members.
Example: A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {3, 2, 1}
EQUAL SIGN
The equal sign shows that two numerals or expressions name the
same number.
Example: 10 + 9 = 19
In a true sentence, the equal sign shows that the numerals on
each side of the sign name the same number.
Equation/Equivalent Sets/Estimate
EQUATION
A number sentence in which the equal sign = is used in an
equation.
Example: 6+ = 10 and 8 - 3 =
are equations
EQUIVALENT SETS
If the members of two sets can be matched one to one, the sets
are equivalent. Equivalent sets have the same number of
members/elements.
ESTIMATE
An estimate is an approximate answer found by rounding
numbers.
Example: 22 + 39 = ,
22 may be rounded to 20,
39 may be rounded to 40.
The estimated sum is 20 + 40 or 60
Even Number/Expanded Numeral/Exponent
EVEN NUMBER
An integer that is divisible by 2 without a remainder.
Example: 0, 2, 4, 6. . . Are even numbers
EXPANDED NUMERAL
An expanded numeral is a name for a number which shows the
value of the digits.
Example: An expanded number for 35 is
30 + 5 or ( 3 x 10) + (5 x 1)
EXPONENT
A number which tells how many times a base number issued as a
factor. In the example below the base numbers are 10, 3, and 9.
Example: 10 = 10 x 10
3 = 3 x 3 x 3
10 = 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10
9 = 9 x 9 x 9 x 9
Factors/Factor Tree/Fahrenheit
FACTORS
Numbers to be multiplied. In 2 x 4 = 8, the factor are 2 and 4.
FACTOR TREE
A diagram used to show the prime factors of a number.
Example: 24
6 x 4
2 x 3 2 x 2
24 = 2 x 3 x 2 x 2 or 2 x 3
FAHRENHEIT
Of or according to the temperature scale of which 32 degrees
(32º) is the freezing point of water and 212 degrees is the boiling
point of water.
Fraction-Fractional Numbers/Greater Than/
Greatest Common Factor
FRACTION FRACTIONAL NUMBER
Equal parts of a whole thing, group or set. A number named by a
numeral such as 1/2, 2/3, 6/2, 8/4.
GREATER THAN
Larger than or bigger than something else. In greater than the
symbol >, means that the number named at the left is greater than
the number named at the right.
Example: 8 > 3 is a true sentence
GRAPH
A graph shows two sets of related information by the use of
pictures, bars, lines or a circle. Graphs may be constructed using
horizontal or vertical positions.
BOYS’ PERFECT ATTENDANCE TEMPERATURE RECORD
Month Girls Present 20
April 10
May
June 0
Each symbol
represents 3 girls 10 11 12 1 2 3
INTERSECTION OF SETS
The set consisting of all members which are common to two or
more sets.
Example: 12 14
3 1 7
4 2
6
12 14
JOINING SETS
Forming one set which contains all the members of two or more
sets.
Example: If Set A = {a, b} and Set B = {3, 4},
Sets A and B may be joined to form the
set C = {a, b, 3, 4}
KILOMETER
A unit of length in the metric system. A kilometer (KM) is equal to
1000 meters, or about .62 of a mile.
Least Common Multiple/Length
LENGTH
The distance from one end to the other end. Long represents how
long something is from the beginning to the end. Endpoint to
endpoint.
Less Than/Lowest Terms/Measure/Measure of a Set
LESS THAN
Smaller than something else. In less than the symbol “<“ means
that the number to the left of the symbol is smaller than the
number to the right of the symbol.
Example: 104 < 140; 5 + 6 < 6 + 6; 1/6 < 1/4
LOWEST TERMS
A fraction is in the lowest or simplest form if the numerator and
denominator have no other common factors besides 1.
Example: The lowest terms of 8/32 is 1/4
MEASURE
To find or show the size, weight or amount of something.
MEASURE OF A SET
Each thing belonging to a set is a member of the set. It is also
called an element of the set.
Example: In a set, A = {R, S, T}, R, S, and T
are members/elements of set A.
Meter/Metric System/Minuend/Minus
METER
The basic unit of measure is the metric system. The meter is
about 39 inches long.
METRIC SYSTEM
A decimal system used for practically all scientific measurement.
The standard unit of length is the meter.
MINUEND
The number of things, members or elements in all (whole set)
before subtracting.
Example: 904 is the minuend of 904 - 756 = 148
The number from which another number
is taken away (subtracted).
MINUS
Decreased by. Lower or less than.
Example: 12 - 5 = 7
The numeral 12 is decreased by 5
or minus 5.
Mixed Numeral/Multiple/Multiplicand/Multiplication
MIXED NUMERAL
A numeral which consists of numerals for a whole number and a
fractional number.
Example: 3
MULTIPLE
A number that is multiplied a certain number of times.
Example: Multiples of 10 are 10, 20, 30, 40, 50. . .
Multiples of 3 are 6, 9, 12, 15, 18. . .
MULTIPLICAND
A number that is to be multiplied by another number.
Example: 36 x 14, 36 is the multiplicand
MULTIPLICATION
The operation of taking a number and adding it to itself a certain
number of times.
Example: 4 x 3 = 4 + 4 +4
25 x 6 = 25 + 25 + 25 + 25 + 25 + 25
Multiplier/Multiply/Natural Numbers/
Negative Numbers/Number Sentence
MULTIPLIER
A number that tells how many times to multiply another
Example: 7 x 4 means that 7
will be multiplied 4 times.
MULTIPLY
To add a number to itself a certain number of times. Shortcut to
addition.
NATURAL NUMBERS
Counting numbers.
NEGATIVE NUMBERS
Numbers less than 0.
Example: -5, -6, -7, -4, -3, -2. . .
NUMBER SENTENCE
A sentence of numerical relationship.
Example: 2+5 = 1+6
3+8 > 6
1x3 < 9-2
Numeral/Numeration/Numerator
NUMERAL
A symbol for a number.
Example: The number word six may be denoted by
the symbol 6; thus, 6 is a numeral.
NOTE: The fundamental operations(addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division) are performed with numbers,
not with numerals.
The word “numeral” is used only when referring to the
whether to use the word “number” or “numeral,” use
the word
NUMERATION
A system to name numbers in various ways.
NUMERATOR
In 3/5, the numerator is 3. The numerator tells the number of
equal parts, groups or sets that is being used.
Odd Number/One-to-One Correspondence
ODD NUMBER
An integer which is divisible by 2 with a remainder.
Example: ///
ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE
A one -to-one matching relationship. If to every member in one
set there corresponds one and only one member in a second set,
and to every member in the second set there corresponds one and
only member in the first set, the sets are said to be in one-to-one
correspondence.
Example: If every seat in a room is occupied by a
person, and no person is standing, there
is a one-to-one correspondence between
the number of persons and the number
of seats.
Open Sentence/Operation/Order
OPEN SENTENCE
A mathematical sentence which contains a variable such as n, x,
, or .
Example: 3+ =8
An open sentence cannot be judged true or false. When the
variable is replaced by a numeral, the open sentence becomes a
statement.
OPERATION
A specific process for combining quantities.
Example: Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division
ORDER
The way in which something is arranged.
Example: 1, 2, 3, 4. . .
A, B, C, D. . .
9, 8, 7, 6. . .
3, 6, 9, 12. . .
Z, Y, X, W. . .
First, Second, Third, Fourth. . .
Ordinal Number/Pair/Per/Percent
ORDINAL NUMBER
A number which indicates the order place of a member of a set in
relation to other members of the same set.
Example: 1st, 2nd, 3rd. . .
PAIR
Two persons, animals, or things that are alike/ that go together.
Example: A pair of gloves
PER
For each. Similar and are matched to go together.
Example: eggs per dozen
PERCENT
Ratio with 100 as its second number. Percent means per
hundred.
Example: % = /100
Picture Graph/Place Value/Prime Number
PICTURE GRAPH
A graph which uses picture symbols to show number information.
Example: The pictograph shows how much money
4 children earned last week. Each
means 10 cent.
Cierra
Alex
Paul
Calin
PLACE VALUE
Place value is the value of each place in a plan for naming
numbers. The value of the first place on the right, in our system of
naming whole numbers is one. The value of the place to the left of
ones place is then. . . [Tens/Ones]
PRIME NUMBER
A number greater than one which has factors of only itself and
one. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 and 13 are just a few of the prime numbers.
Product/Product Set/Quotient/Related Sentences or Equations
PRODUCT
The number that results when two or more numbers are multiplied.
The answer in a multiplication problem.
Example: 2 x 3 = 6, the product is 6
PRODUCT SET
The set of all couples formed by pairing every member of one set
with every member of a second set.
QUOTIENT
In 6 - 2 = 3, 3 is the quotient. For 13 2, 13 = 2 x 6 + 1;
6 is the quotient and 1 is the remainder.
RELATED SENTENCES OR EQUATIONS
Related sentences give the same number relation in different
ways.
Example: 4 + 3 = 7, 3 + 4 = 7,
7 - 4 = 3, 7 - 3 = 4
are all related sentences
Remainder/Scale Drawing
REMAINDER
The difference of the dividend and the greatest multiple of the
divisor which is less than the dividend.
Example: 17 = (3 x 5) + 2, 3 ) 17
The remainder is 2
The part that’s left over.
(xxx) (xxx) (xxx) xx remainder
3 Remainder 2
3 )11
-9
2
SCALE DRAWING
A drawing the same shape as an object, but which may be larger,
the same size, or smaller than the object.
Score/Set/Simplest Forms of a Fractional
Numeral/Standard/Statistics
SCORE
A period of twenty years.
SET
A set is a collection or group of objects which may be physical
things, points, numbers, and so on.
SIMPLEST FORMS OF A FRACTIONAL NUMERAL
In simplest form, the greatest common factor of the numerator and
the denominator is one.
STANDARD
Anything used to set an example or serve as something to be
copied.
STATISTICS
Collection data expressed through numerical facts.
Subtract/Subtraction/Subtrahend/Sum
SUBTRACT
To take away from the whole group or set.
Example: Take Away
5 subtract 2 = 3
SUBTRACTION
The act of taking away some things, members or elements in the
whole group or set.
Example: 202 - 197 =
problem
SUBTRAHEND
The number of things, members or elements in the whole group
or set.
SUM
The number that results when two or more numbers are added is
the sum.
Example: 3 + 2 = 5, the sum is 5
Symbol/Total/Variable
SYMBOL
A letter, numeral or mark which represents quantities, number,
operations, or relations.
Example: +, -, x, are symbols for operations
=, <, > are symbols for relations
The symbol (numeral), 67, may be used
to
represent the number word, sixty-seven.
TOTAL
The whole amount.
VARIABLE
A letter or symbol that represents a number. The unknown.
Example: N x 20 = 100
-8=5
Vertical/Weigh/Weight/Whole Numbers/Width
VERTICAL
Straight up and down.
Example: 567
493
+48
WEIGH
To measure the heaviness of a person or thing.
WEIGHT
The amount of heaviness of a person or thing.
WHOLE NUMBERS
The numbers which tell “how many” are whole numbers. The set
of whole numbers contains the counting numbers and zero.
Set of Whole Numbers = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. . .} They are infinite.
WIDTH
The distance from one side of something to the other side. How
wide something is from one side to the other side.
GEOMETRY
Our environment contains many physical
objects for which mathematicians have
developed geometric ideas. These objects then
serve as models of the geometric ideas.
Common Geometric Symbols
TO NAME A LINE. Illustration: AB MEANS LINE AB.
AB CD D
Glossary of Geometric Terms
Adjacent/Alphabet/Angle
ADJACENT
Near or close to something; adjoining.
ALPHABET
Letters to name geometric ideas.
ANGLE
A model to indicate that a line extends indefinitely in both directions.
Illustration:
AREA OF A RECTANGLE:
• The number of square inches in a rectangle equals the number of rows
Area = Base times height over two plus base times height over two
or
A = bh + bh or A = 2 (bh) or A = bh
2 2 2
Arrow/Bisect/Common/Congruent/Constructions/Curves
ARROW
A model to indicate that a line extends indefinitely in both directions.
BISECT
Separate into two congruent parts.
COMMON
The same.
CONGRUENT
Figures, in geometry, that have the same size and shape.
CONSTRUCTIONS
Geometric drawings made with only a compass and a straight edge.
CURVES
A line having no straight part; bend having no angular part.
Degree/Diagonal/Dimension/Edge/Enclose
DEGREE
A standard unit of measure used in the measurement of angles.
DIAGONAL
In a polygon, a line segment that joins two non-adjacent vertices;
extending slantingly between opposite corners.
Illustration:
DIMENSION
The measurement of the length and width.
EDGE
A line segment formed by the intersection of two faces of a solid figure
such as a prism.
ENCLOSE
Shut in all around; surrounded.
Endpoint/Face/Geometric Figure/Geometry/Intersection
ENDPOINT
In a line segment, the two points at the end of the segment used to
name it.
FACE
A plane surface of a space figure.
GEOMETRIC FIGURE
Every set of points in space.
GEOMETRY
The study of space and figures in space.
INTERSECTION
A set that contains all the members common to two other sets no other
members. The intersection of the model.
Illustration: • •D
A
The intersection of angles AYD
•Y and CYD is “Y.”
C B
• •
Line/Line Segment or Segment
LINE
A set of points.
Illustration:
MIDPOINT ON A LINE:
The point on a line segment which is the same distance from
the endpoints; midway between the endpoints of a line segment.
Illustration:
P•
•A Q• •B
R•
Point Symmetry/Parallel Lines
POINT SYMMETRY:
Can be fitted onto itself by making 1/2 turn about a point.
Illustration:
A B C D
point
• symmetry
• •O
D C B A
PARALLEL LINES:
Two lines in the same plane that do not intersect.
Illustration: W X
R X
Y Z
S Y
A B
C D
Perpendicular/Parallel
PERPENDICULAR BISECTOR:
A line which bisects a segment and is perpendicular to it.
Illustration:
E
C D
PARALLEL
Travel the same direction apart of every point, so as never to meet, as
lines, planes, etc.
Perimeter
PERIMETER
• The distance around a figure (polygon).
• The perimeter of any polygon can be found by adding the measures of the
sides of the polygon, if they are given in the same unit.
• When you find the perimeter of a figure, the length and the width must be in
the same units.
1. If the dimensions of a figure are in inches, the perimeter will be in inches.
2. If the dimensions of a figure are in centimeters, the perimeter will be in
centimeters.
3. If the dimensions of a figure are in feet, the perimeter will be in feet.
PLANE FIGURE
All the points of a figure lying on the same plane.
Illustration:
a b c d e Z
X
Q Y
R
POINT
An idea about an exact location; it has no dimensions whatsoever but is
represented by a dot (•) There is an unlimited number of lines through a
point.
Polygon
(Regular Polygon/Figure/Plane Figures/Simple Closed Figure)
POLYGON
A simple closed figure that consists only of line segments.
REGULAR POLYGON:
A polygon with congruent sides and congruent angles.
FIGURE:
In Geometry, any sets of points.
PLANE FIGURES:
Rectangle, square and circle are the most common.
SIMPLE CLOSED FIGURE:
A Simple Closed Figure is one that does not intersect (cross)
itself. If it is made up of line segments it is called a polygon.
Illustration:
Polygon
(Parallelogram/Pentagon/Octagon/Quadrilateral/Rectangle)
PARALLELOGRAM:
A quadrilateral in which opposite sides are parallel.
PENTAGON:
A polygon with five sides.
OCTAGON:
An eight-sided polygon.
QUADRILATERAL:
A polygon (simple closed figure) formed by four line segments.
RECTANGLE:
A quadrilateral (polygon) with two pairs of parallel sides and four
right angles (4 sides and 4 square corners).
Illustration:
P O
M N
Polygon (Square/Trapezoid)
SQUARE:
A quadrilateral (polygon) with congruent sides the same length
and four right angles. Also, the product when a number is
multiplied by itself.
Example: 3 x 3 = 9, The square of 3 or 3
Illustration: Z Y
W X
TRAPEZOID:
A quadrilateral (polygon) with only one pair of parallel sides.
Illustration:
12"
8"
22"
Polygon (Triangle)
TRIANGLE:
A figure (polygon) with three sides.
KINDS:
1. EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE: A triangle all of whose sides
are congruent.
2. ISOSCELES TRIANGLE: A triangle with at least two sides
congruent.
3. RIGHT TRIANGLE: A triangle with one right angle.
4. SCALENE TRIANGLE: A triangle with no congruent sides.
• LEGS (of a right triangle): The two sides in a right triangle that
are also sides of the right angles. leg
H Hypotenuse
c b
Illustration:
B
G K a leg
SCALENE
A C ISOSCELES
EQUILATERAL
RIGHT
PROTRACTOR
An instrument for measuring angles just as a ruler is an instrument for
measuring line segments.
PRISM
A closed space figure. The bases are congruent polygons in parallel
planes.
RAY
• A point on a line and all the points in one direction from the
point.
• Has infinite length and only one endpoint (vertex).
• The sides of the angle.
Illustration:
R D
FIGURE 1: FIGURE 2:
S E
Q G
SPACE FIGURE
A figure encloses a part of space.
STRAIGHT EDGE
Has no marks on it with which measurements can be made; by tracing
along its edge one can construct a line segment.
VERTEX
A common endpoint of two rays, two segments, or three or more edges of
a space figure. C
Illustration: S
FIGURE 1: FIGURE 2:
B T
R
A
Q
NOTE: FIGURE 1: FIGURE 2:
Point B is the Vertex Point R is the Vertex of
of angle CBA. Angles QRS, SRT and TRQ.
UNITS OF MEASURE
Length/Liquid/Weight
LENGTH
ENGLISH METRIC
12 inches (in.) = 1 foot (ft.) 1000 milliliters (mm) = 1 meter
3 feet (ft.) = 1 yard (yd.) 100 centiliters (cm) = 1 meter
36 inches = 1 yard (yd.) 10 deciliters (dm) = 1 meter
5280 feet = 1 mile (MI.) 1000 liters = 1 kilometer
LIQUID
ENGLISH METRIC
2 cups (c.) = 1 pint (pt.) 1000 milliliters (ml) = 1 liter (l)
2 pints = 1 quart (qt.) 100 centiliters (cl) = 1 liter (l)
4 quarts = 1 gallon (gal.) 10 deciliters (dl) = 1 liter (l)
1000 liters (l) = 1 kiloliter (kl)
WEIGHT
ENGLISH METRIC
16 ounces (oz.) = 1 pound (lb.) 1000 milligrams (mg) = 1 gram (g)
2000 pounds = 1 ton (T.) 100 centigrams (cg) = 1 gram
10 decigrams (dg) = 1 gram
1000 grams = 1 kilogram
Equivalent Units/Time
EQUIVALENT UNITS
LENGTH LIQUID WEIGHT
2.5 centimeters is about 1 inch. .95 liter is about 1 quart. 28.35 grams is about 1 ounce.
.9 meter is about 1 yard. 3.79 liters is about 1 gallon. .45 kilogram is about 1 pound.
1.6 kilometers is about 1 mile.
TIME
60 seconds (sec.) = 1 minute
60 minutes (min.) = 1 hour
24 hours (hr.) = 1 day
7 days = 1 week (wk.)
365 days = 1 year (yr.)
366 days = 1 leap year
10 years = 1 decade
20 years = 1 score
100 years = 1 century