Basics of Networks

Topics
Introduction to Data Communications Basics of Networks Categories of networks Types of connection Topologies Protocols and standards Uses of networks

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Introduction to Data Communications

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Introduction to Data communications

It is the exchange of data between two devices through some transmission medium. Types:

1. Local 2. Remote

1. Local:
If the devices are restricted in a geographical area.

2. Remote:
If the devices are farther away without any geographical restriction.

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Fundamental Characteristics
1. Delivery 2. Accuracy 3. Timeliness

Components
Data communication systems are made up of five components
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Message sender Receiver Medium Protocol
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1. Message text, numbers, pictures, audio, video 2. Sender computer , workstation, telephone handset, video camera, television 3. Receiver same as sender 4. Transmission medium physical path( twisted pair wire, fiber-optic cable, radio waves) 5. Protocol set of rules (sender: french , receiver: german )

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1. Message:
This is the information to be communicated. It can consist of text, numbers, pictures, sound or video or any combination of these.

2. Sender:
It is the device that sends the data message. It may be a computer, workstation, telephone handset, video camera

3. Receiver:
It is the device that receives the message. It may be a computer, workstation, telephone handset, television
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4. Medium:
It is the physical path which a message travels from sender to receiver. It may consist of twisted pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, laser or radio waves.

5. Protocol:
It is a set of rules that governs data communication. It is a agreement between the communication devices.
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Direction of dataflow

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Direction of dataflow

Simplex
unidirectional communication One way street Examples: keyboard, monitor This mode can use entire capacity of the channel to send data in one direction

Half Duplex

Each station can both transmit and receive, but not at the same time When one device is sending, the other can only receive, and vice versa One lane road with traffic allowed in both directions Walkie- talkies The entire capacity of the channel can be used for each direction

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Direction of dataflow

Duplex( full - duplex)

both stations can transmit and receive simultaneously Two way street with traffic flowing in both directions at the same time Either the link must contain two physically separate transmission paths, one for sending and the other for receiving; or the capacity of the channel is divided between signals travelling in both directions Example (telephone)

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Basics of Networks

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Networks

NETWORKS: Definition
A network is a set of devices connected by a media link. Devices often referred to as nodes can be a computer, printer, or any other devices capable of sending/ receiving data.

Network Criteria:
A network must meet a number of criteria to be considered as effective and efficient. The criteria are,

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1. Performance 2. Reliability 3. Security 1. Performance:
The performance can be measured by two times are,

I. Transit time II. Response time I. Transit time:

It is the amount of time required for a message to travel from one device to another device. It is the elapsed time between an inquiry and a response.
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II. Response time:

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Contd

The performance can be measured by number factors are

i. Number of user ii. Type of transition medium iii. Hardware iv. Software

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i. Number of user
Large number of concurrent users produces slow response time and heavy traffic loads.

ii. Type of transmission medium

The medium defines the speed of data travel.

iii. Hardware The type of hardware can affect the speed and capacity of transmission. i. Software: The software can affect speed and reliability of a network link.
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2. Reliability:
The reliability is measured by frequency to failure, the time it takes a link to recover from a failure and the networks robustness in a catastrophe.

i. Frequency of Failure:
A network that fails often.

ii. Recovery time:

How much time it takes to recover service after a failure has occurred?

iii. Catastrophe:
Failures due to such reasons are fire, earthquake, theft
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Contd
3. Security:
It refers to protecting data from unauthorized access and viruses.

i. Unauthorized Access:
Sensitive data must be protected from unauthorized access. Protection can be done by user identification and passwords at the lowest level. At the highest level, encryption techniques may use.

ii. Viruses:
A virus is an illicitly introduced code that damages the system.
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Categories of Networks

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Categories of Networks

3 primary categories are

Local Area Network(LAN) Metropolitan Area Network(MAN) Wide Area Network(WAN)

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Local Area Network(LAN)

They are usually privately owned and link the devices in a single office, building and campus. Currently LAN size is limited to a few kilometers. It may be from two PCs to throughout a company. The most common LAN topologies are bus, ring and star. They have data rates from 4 to 16 Mbps. Today the speed is on increasing and can reach 100 mbps

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Metropolitan Area Network(MAN)

They are designed to extend over an entire city. It may be a single network or connecting a number of LANs into a large network. So the resources are shared between LANs. Example of MAN is, telephone companies provide a popular MAN service called switched multi megabit data service (SMDS).

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Wide Area Network(WAN)

It provides a long distance transmission of data, voice, image and video information over a large geographical are like country, continent or even the whole world.

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Types of Connection

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Types of connections

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Types of Connection
Point to Point - single transmitter and receiver Example : Connection between the remote control and the televisions control system Multipoint - multiple recipients of single transmission It is also called as Multidrop
More than two devices share a single link

The capacity of the channel is shared, either spatially or temporally. Spatial- if several devices can use the link simultaneously, it is a spatially shared connection Temporal if users must take turns, it is a timeshared connection
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Topology

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Topology
Defn: Representation of physical arrangements of the links and nodes in a network. Another defn: Topology refers to the way a network is laid out either physically or logically. Two or more devices connect to a link. Two or more links form a topology. It is the geographical representation of the relationship of all the links and linking devices to each other.
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Categories of topology
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Mesh Star Tree Bus Ring

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A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

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Mesh Topology
Total number of links : n(n -1) links A fully connected mesh can have n(n -1)/2 physical channels to link n devices n -1 input/output ports for a node to connect to n-1 stations Uses point to point connections

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Mesh Topology
Advantages: They use dedicated links so each link can only carry its own data load. So traffic problem can be avoided. It is robust. If any one link get damaged it cannot affect others It gives privacy and security Fault identification and fault isolation are easy.
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Mesh Topology
Disadvantages: The amount of cabling and the number IO ports required are very large. Since every device is connected to each other devices through dedicated links. The sheer bulk of wiring is larger then the available space Hardware required to connect each device is highly expensive
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Mesh Topology
Example: A mesh network has 8 devices. Calculate total number of cable links and IO ports needed. Solution:

Number of devices = 8 Number of links = n (n-1)/2 = 8(8-1)/2

= 28 Number of port/device = n-1 = 8-1 = 7

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A star topology connecting four stations

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Star topology
Each device has a dedicated point-to-point link only to a central controller Star topology does not allow direct traffic between device The controller acts as an exchange; if one device wants to send data to another, it sends the data to the controller, which then relays the data to the other connected device Uses point to point connections

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Star topology
Advantages: Less expensive than a mesh topology Robust Makes fault identification and fault isolation easy

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Star topology
Disadvantages If the hub goes down, the whole system goes dead More cabling is required when compared with bus or ring

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Tree Topology
It is a variation of star. Instead of all devices connected to a central hub here most of the devices are connected to a secondary hub that in turn connected with central hub. The central hub is an active hub. An active hub contains a repeater, which regenerate the received bit pattern before sending.

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Tree topology
The secondary hub may be active or passive. A passive hub means it just precedes a physical connection only. Advantages : Can connect more than star. The distance can be increased. Can isolate and prioritize communication between different computers.

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A bus topology connecting three stations

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Bus topology
Multipoint connections One long cable acts as a backbone to link all the devices in a network Tap connector, creates a contact with a metallic core Drop line connection running between the device and the main cable Produces heat during transformation Limit on the number of taps a bus can support and on the distance between those taps

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Bus topology
Advantages: Ease of installation Uses less cabling than mesh/star topologies Example:
In a star topology, 4 network devices in the same room require 4 lengths of cable reaching all the way to the hub In a bus this redundancy is eliminated. Only the backbone cable stretches through the entire facility
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Hub

S1

S2

S3

S4

Hub in a far distant room

hub s1 s2 s3
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Bus topology
Disadvantages: Difficult to add new devices Break in the bus cable stops all transmission

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A ring topology connecting six stations

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Ring topology
Uses point to point connections Each device has a dedicated connection with only 2 devices on either side of it A signal is passed along the ring in one direction, from device to device, until reaches its destination Each device works as a repeater regenerates and passes them along

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Ring topology
Advantages: Easy to install Requires changing only 2 connections to add / delete a new device Easy fault isolation (alarm sent to the n/w operator)

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Ring topology
Disadvantages: Unidirectional traffic A break in the ring can disable the entire network (to avoid dual ring / switch to close the break)

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A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks

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Protocols and Standards

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Protocols and Standards

Protocols:

In computer networks, communication occurs between entries in different systems. An entity is anything capable of sending or receiving information. But two entities cannot communicate each other as sending or receiving. For communication occurs the entities must agree on a protocol. A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communication. A protocol defines what is communicated how it is communicated, and when it is communicated. The key elements of a protocol are syntax, semantics and timing.
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Contd

Syntax:
Syntax refers to the structure or format of the data, means to the order how it is presented.

Semantics:
Semantics refers to the meaning of each section of bits. How is a particular pattern to be interpreted, and when action is to be taken based on the interpretation.

Timing:
Timing refers to two characteristics. They are, 1. When data should be sent 2. When data to be received.

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Standards:
A standard provides a model for development of a product, which is going to develop. Standards are essential to create and maintain a product.

Data communication products are fall into two categories. They are,
1. De facto 2. De jure

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1. De facto: They are further classified into
1. Proprietary 2. Non proprietary

1. Proprietary:

They are originally invented by a commercial organization as a basis for the operation of its product. They are wholly owned by the company, which invented them. They are closed standards. Groups or committees that have passed them into public domain develop them. They are open standards. They have been legislated by an officially recognized body.

2. Nonproprietary:

2. De jure:

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STANDARDS ORGANIZATION: Standards are developed by,
1. Standards creation committee 2. Forums 3. Regularity agencies

1. Standards creation committees:

1. International Standards Organization (ISO) 2. International Telecommunications Union Telecommunications Standards Section (ITU-T formally CCITT) 3. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) 4. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 5. The Electronic Industries Association (EIA) 6. Telcordia

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2. Forums: 1. Frame Relay Forum 2. ATM Forum & ATM consortium 3. Internet Society (ISOC) & Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) 3. Regularity Agencies: 1. Federal Communication commission

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Uses of Computer Networks

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Uses of Computer Networks

Networks for companies Networks for people Social issues

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Networks for Companies

Resource sharing
Branches located in different geographical area

High reliability
Multiple CPUs, if one of the CPU fails other CPUs will take over the job of the failed one

Saving money
Using networks(Client-server model) instead of Super computers

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Networks for Companies

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Networks for Companies

Scalability
The ability to increase system performance gradually as the workload grows just by adding more processors With the client server model , new clients and new servers can be added as needed

Communication medium
Powerful Online document can be prepared by many separated employees
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Companies
Military Banking Air traffic control Nuclear reactor safety Shopping Trading

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Networks for people

Access to remote information Person to person communication Interactive entertainment Access to remote information To manage bank accounts To pay bills To handle investments Home shopping Newspapers Online digital library Web access for arts, business, cooking, government, health, history, hobbies, recreation, science, sports, travel etc.,
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People started using computer networks instead of super/mainframe computers

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Networks for people

Person to person communication Email (audio, video, text ) Video conferencing (remote school, medical opinion) Discussion forums, news groups Interactive entertainment Video on demand Live television New film story directions Games (multi person real time simulation games)
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Social issues
Social , ethical, and political problems Views posted to groups(politics, religion, sex)may be deeply offensive to some people Censor messages Computer networks offer the potential for sending anonymous messages

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