DB2 TRANSPARENCIES (Unit 3)

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Introduction to SQL

Objectives - Student will

Be aware of what environments SQL may be executed in Know the steps of the bind process Know a definition of SQL Know the components of SQL

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Introduction to SQL

SQL Environments
TSO Batch - Static SQL On-Line - Dynamic SQL - SPUFI or QMF IMS Batch On-Line CICS On-Line
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Introduction to SQL

Static SQL
Either Batch or On-Line Must be embedded in a host language program COBOL PLI FORTRAN ASSEMBLER Must go through BIND process in advance to executing the PLAN
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Introduction to SQL

Source Data Set Host Language Source

DB2 Precompile

DCLGEN Include Library DBRM SQL Code DB2 Catalog

Compile and Link

DB2 BIND

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MVS Load Module

Program Execution
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DB2 PLAN

Introduction to SQL
Dynamic SQL BIND
Verify Syntax Check DB2 Authorization Determine Access Strategy Obtain Necessary Storage Execute

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Introduction to SQL

Structured Query Language Standard Data Access Language of the Relational World Set-at-a-Time Language Handles Three-Value logic
True False Unknown

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Introduction to SQL

DCL - Data Control Language

GRANT Used to provide access to DB2 objects REVOKE Used to remove access to DB2 objects

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CREATE ALTER DROP

Introduction to SQL

DDL - Data Definition Language

Used to Manipulate DB2 Objects

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Introduction to SQL

DDL - Data Definition Language cont

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SELECT INSERT UPDATE DELETE

Introduction to SQL

DML - Data Manipulation Language

Used to Manipulate DB2 Data

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COMMIT ROLLBACK

Introduction to SQL

Transaction Control Statements

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The Basic Select

Objectives - Student will

Understand components of SELECT statement using SELECT, FROM and WHERE Be able to code and execute simple SQL statements in SPUFI Be able to make use of conditions and comparison operators

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The Basic Select

Select

Basics

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The Basic Select

Example
select * from employee

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Example 2

The Basic Select

select 'SALARY and COMMISSION: ' , payrate , com from employee ;

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Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division Override rules

The Basic Select

+ * / () ||

Arithmetic Operators

Concatenation Operators
For character strings only

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Examples 3 and 4

The Basic Select

select fname || lname , payrate * 40

select fname || ' ' || lname , payrate * 40 from employee ;

from employee ;

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The Basic Select

Example 5
select fname || ' ' || lname , payrate + 5.00 * 40 + payrate + 5.00 * 40 * com , (payrate + 5.00) * 40 + ((payrate + 5.00) * 40 * com) , (payrate + 5.00 * 40) + (payrate + 5.00 * 40 * com) from employee;

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The Basic Select

The WHERE Clause - Predicate

Determines which rows are returned Is optional One parameter which is a condition

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Conditions

The Basic Select

Evaluate to: TRUE - The predicate clause succeeded FALSE - The predicate clause failed UNKNOWN - The effect of nullity May contain expressions or subqueries, each separated by operators Used in WHERE clause and HAVING clause

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The Basic Select

= <>

A=B A<> B

equal not equal

>
>= < <=

A>B
A >= B A<B A <= B

greater than
greater than or equal less than less than or equal

Condition is UNKNOWN if either A or B is NULL

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Example 6

The Basic Select

select company , state , balance from customer where state = 'ca';

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Example 7

The Basic Select

select e_no , lname , (payrate + 5) * 40 from employee where (payrate + 5) * 40 > 700;

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Example 8

The Basic Select

select e_no , lname , city , st from employee

where st <> 'md';

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The Basic Select

SQL Interactive Environments

SPUFI - Mainframe SQL Wizard - XDB - Micro Focus

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Exercise 1

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Compound Conditions

Objectives - Student will

Know the order of processing for AND, OR and NOT Understand how to use parentheses to change the order of processing

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AND Operator

Compound Conditions

Combines the values of two conditions, resulting in a single conditional value

CONDITION AND TRUE FALSE NULL

CONDITION

TRUE
FALSE NULL

TRUE

FALSE NULL

FALSE FALSE FALSE NULL FALSE NULL

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Example 9

Compound Conditions

select company , state , balance from customer where state = 'ca'

and balance > 0;

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OR Operator

Compound Conditions

Combines the values of two conditions, resulting in a single conditional value

CONDITION OR TRUE FALSE NULL

CONDITION

TRUE
FALSE NULL

TRUE
TRUE TRUE

TRUE

TRUE

FALSE NULL NULL NULL

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Example 10

Compound Conditions

select c_no , company

, phone
from customer where state = 'ny' or zip > '89999' or balance > 7000;

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Compound Conditions

Parenthetical Conditions NOT Operator

Normal order of evaluation can be overridden by placing those conditions needing to be evaluated first within parentheses.

Normal Order of Evaluation 1. 2.

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NOT AND
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3.

OR

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Example 11

Compound conditions

select lname , dept , payrate , com from employee

where payrate > 12.00

or dept = '1050' and st = 'va';

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Example 12

Compound Conditions

select lname , dept , payrate , com from employee where (payrate > 12.00 or dept = '1050' ) and st = 'va';

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Compound Conditions

Example 13
select lname , dept

, payrate
, com from employee where payrate > 12.00 or (dept = '1050'

and st = 'va' );

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NOT Operator

Compound Conditions

Will reverse the value of a condition The resulting value is the opposite of the value of the original condition, exclusive of NULLS

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Example 14/15

Compound Conditions

select lname , dept , payrate , com from employee where NOT or ( payrate > 12.00 (dept = '1050'

select lname , dept , payrate , com from employee where payrate < 12.00 and (dept<> '1050'

and st = 'va' ) );

or st <> 'va' ) ;

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Exercise 2

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Quiz 1
Relational Database Concepts

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Special Comparison Operators

Objectives - Student will

Know what the special comparison operators are and when to use each one Know how to use IS NULL

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Special Comparison Operators

IN Operator
Tests for inclusion of a value within a set of values Evaluates to TRUE when equality is found NOT IN will test the entire list of values

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Special Comparison Operators

Example 16

select c_no , company , state , balance from customer where state in ('md', 'ca', 'il') and balance > 4000;

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Special Comparison Operators

Example 17

select c_no , company , state , balance from customer

where state NOT in ('md', 'ca', 'il')

and balance > 2000;

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Special Comparison Operators

BETWEEN Operator
Tests whether the value of one expression is in the range of values represented by two other expressions Range is inclusive; that is it includes the extreme values as well

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Special Comparison Operators

Example 18

select c_no , company , balance from customer where balance between 772.00 and 987.00;

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Special Comparison Operators

Example 19

select c_no , company , balance from customer where balance NOT between 772.00 and 987.00

and state in ('md', 'nj');

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Special Comparison Operators

LIKE Operator
Compares a CHARACTER string to a pattern string, checking whether the CHARACTER string fits the pattern

Represents any number (including 0) of unspecified characters

_
+

(Underscore) Represents a single unspecified character

Apostrophe permits use of an in a string Escape character to permit use of % in a string

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Special Comparison Operators

Example 20

select * from products where description like 'vga%';

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Special Comparison Operators

Example 21

select company from customer where company like '%systems';

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Special Comparison Operators

Example 22

select * from staff where lname like 'M_SSON';

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Special Comparison Operators

Example 23

select * from staff where lname like '%''CONNOR';

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Special Comparison Operators

IS NULL Operator
Provides a way to test column values for NULLITY A condition with this operator can only return TRUE or FALSE

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Special Comparison Operators

Example 24

select empid , lname , salary , commission from staff

where commission is null

and salary > 20000;

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