John Crane Training Center

PV = [ P(B - K) + Psp ] X

. Dm . N 12

Theory Hydrostatic Pressure PV Balance Secondary Containment

Design Considerations
Seal Interface Pressure Profile Balance Ratio PV - Pressure Velocity Flush Flow Rate Seal Chamber Pressure

INTERACTIONS BETWEEN FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF A MECHANICAL SEAL

Hydro Mechanical Functional Elements Thermal Functional Elements

Hydrostatic Pressure Distribution

Hydrodynamic Pressure Distribution

Friction Heat Generation

Sealing Gap Fluid Viscosity

Fluid Film Sealing Gap Functional Elements Characteristics

Sealing Gap Profile

Sealing Gap Temp.

Hydraulic Balance

Pressure Distortion

Thermal Distortion

Heat Transfer

Components Seal Components Functional Elements Characteristics

Principle Thermal Interactions Principle Hydro-Mechanical Interactions Other Interactions

Seal Interface
Shape:
Converging Parallel Diverging

Gap:
Face Separation

Fluid:
Non-flashing Flashing
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Seal Interface
Hydrodynamic Full Contact Boundary Film Lubrication

Non-Contacting seals: heat caused by viscous shear in the fluid.

No fluid between Peaks are contacting, faces, all heat from valleys are filled with friction. fluid, fluid moves across faces, heat is 90% from friction, 10% from viscous shear.
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Pressure Profile
Parallel
OD
P1

K=.5
ID
P2

Convergent

K>.5
Divergent

K<.5
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Heavy Outside Diameter Contact

Possible Edge Chipping

Rotation Due to Pressure

Heavy to Moderate Contact

Light Contact

Heavy Inside Diameter Contact

Possible Chipping

Rotation Due to High Temperature

Light Contact

Heavy to Moderate Contact

Balance Ratio
The THEORY is .. LOWER the balance ratio

LOWER film temperature

= EXTENDED seal life

Balance Ratio
The REALITY is. Leakage control is sacrificed Seal maybe unstable when there are low boiling point and/or high vapor pressure liquids

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Balance Ratio
Balance ratio is the ratio of the closing area to the opening area.

AC

AO

Balance Ratio =

Closing Area Opening Area

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Balance Ratio
Un-Balanced Seal

AC

FC

AO

Balanced Seal

AC

AO

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Balance Ratio
Metal bellows seals are inherently balanced at low pressures. Balance ratio increases at higher pressures.

Balance Ratio < 1

Zero Pressure Balance Line

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Balance Ratio
OD2 B2
OD2 ID2

External Pressurization

B2 ID2
OD2 ID2

Internal Pressurization
OD = Outside Diameter

ID = Inside Diameter
B = Balance Diameter
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Balance Ratio
Un-Balanced
Up to 250 psi

Balanced
300 psi and above Balanced seals can be used for lower pressures
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Balance Ratio
Typical Balance Ratio for 1-3/4 Seal Type 1 125% Type 1B 85% Type 8-1 130% Type 8B1 75% Type 5610 75% (Can take reverse pressure) Type 670 80%

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PV Factor
Pressure/Velocity
Determines: Heat Generation Material Compatibility Wear Rate of Faces

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PRESSURE-VELOCITY (PV)
Face Velocity (feet/minute) Face Pressure (pounds-force/sq inch)
. Dm . N

PV = [ P(B - K) + Psp ] X

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P = Differential pressure (pounds-force/sq inch) B = Balance Ratio (0.50<B<2) = Pi (3.14.) K = Pressure Gradient (0<K<1) Psp = Spring Pressure (pounds-force/sq inch) Dm = Mean Diameter (inch) N = Rotating Speed (rotating speed)
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Cooling Flow Required

Heat 500 x Sp.Gr x Sp.Ht x t
Where: Heat = All Heat Sources (faces, windage, heat soak through shaft and housing)
Sp.Gr. = Specific Gravity of fluid around seal Sp.Ht. = Specific Heat of fluid around seal

GPM

Rule of Thumb: Use The Larger

The computed minimum rate

One GPM per inch of seal size

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Seal Chamber Pressure Must be known before seal and flush system can be selected. Value depends on fluid, flowrate, design and condition of pump.

Measure Directly If Possible!

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Estimating Seal Chamber Pressure

Pb = Pressure in the seal chamber Ps = Pump suction pressure Pd = Pump discharge pressure Single Stage, Single Suction, Overhung Process Pumps: Balance Holes & Back Wear Rings Estimated Seal chamber Pressure:

Pb = Ps + .15(Pd Ps)

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Estimating Seal Chamber Pressure

Pb = Pressure in the seal chamber Ps = Pump suction pressure Pd = Pump discharge pressure Single Stage, Single Suction, Overhung Process Pumps: Without Balance Holes Estimated Seal chamber Pressure:

Pb = Pd

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Estimating Seal Chamber Pressure

Pb = Pressure in the seal chamber Ps = Pump suction pressure Pd = Pump discharge pressure Single Stage, Single Suction, Overhung Process Pumps: Pump Out Vanes Estimated Seal chamber Pressure:

Pb = Ps + C* (Pd Ps)
* For most pumps C = 0.1, Goulds recommends C = 0.3 if the impeller is at minimum diameter and C = 0.1 if at maximum diameter
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Arrangement Considerations
Dual Seals Piping Plans Secondary Containment

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Arrangement: Dual Seal

Unpressurized (Tandem)

Pressure

Process

Buffer

Atmosphere
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Arrangement: Dual Seal

Dual Unpressurized: P1 > P2 Buffer Fluid

P2
P1

Process

Buffer

Atmosphere
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Arrangement: Dual Seal

Pressurized (Double)

Pressure

Process

Barrier
Atmosphere
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Arrangement: Dual Seal

Dual Pressurized P2 > P1
Barrier Fluid

P2 P1

Process

Barrier

Atmosphere
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Plan 11

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Plan 23

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Plan 52

Non-Pressurized Buffer Fluid

P

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Plan 53A

External Pressure Source Pressurized Barrier Fluid

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Secondary Containment

Leak Control

Initial Cost Low

Fugitive Emission Control None

Catastrophic

Fixed Bushing

Poor

Floating Solid Bushing

Packing (2 Rings) Segmented Floating Carbon Bushing Face Seals (48SC, ECS)

Low
Low

None
None

Better
Better

Moderate
Highest

None
Excellent

Excellent
Excellent

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Secondary Containment Fixed Bushing

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Secondary Containment Packing

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Secondary Containment Segmented Bushing

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Secondary Containment Face Seal

Drain Vent

Chamfered Mating Ring

48SC Seal Head

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Where are the possible leak paths?

What stops them from leaking?

1648 Cartridge Seal

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Is this a Balanced Seal?

How can you tell?

1648 Cartridge Seal

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Balanced Seal
Balance Ratio = CA FC Forces above this line cancel.
Closing Area (CA) Opening Area (OA) FO OA

Is the balance ratio of this seal >1 or <1?

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What is This?

What does it do?

1648 Cartridge Seal

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Group Summary Advanced Concepts

Key Points???

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