Mr.Zhao Zheng Engineer of Beijing Monitoring Station State Radio Monitoring Center Zhao.z@srrc.org.cn +8610-60271116
Radio Monitoring and Spectrum Management Training (China,23-31,May,2005)
2 General introduction DF method and location Siting of monitoring stations Typical Procedure for Dealing with Interference Complaints Contents 3 General Introduction Brief introduction
Types of monitoring stations 4 Spectrum management Spectrum monitoring Eye and ear Spectrum monitoring function Efficiency of using spectrum 5 The goals of monitoring General support the management Specially resolution of EMC problem ensuring an acceptable quality of radio and TV providing valuable monitoring data providing valuable monitoring information 6 Tasks of the monitoring service From radio regulation (RR) On national basis Assigned to the radio inspection Cooperation with other bodies 7 Tasks from RR Monitoring emissions for compliance with frequency assignment Frequency band observations and frequency channel occupancy measurements Investigating cases of interference
Identifying and stopping unauthorized emissions 8 Tasks on national basis Assistance on special occasions Radio coverage measurements Radio compatibility and EMC studies Technical and scientific studies 9 Tasks assigned to the radio inspection Inspecting radio equipment on site Measuring radio equipment Processing cases EMC Market surveillance activities 10 Cooperation with other bodies Police and court 11 Measurement tasks Frequency Frequency counter Field strength spectrum analyzer Bandwidth spectrum analyzer Modulation vector analyzer Spectrum occupancy automatic receiver Direction finding DFer 12 Type of monitoring station Frequency band HF, V/UHF station
Different application fixed, mobile, portable
13 Fixed monitoring station Central element of the monitoring system Advantages: without limitation of workspace setup of antenna power supply Disadvantage: limited by environment coverage
14 Common Fixed monitoring station block diagram Spec-022 GPS receiver Video recorders and other peripheral equipment Frequency standard to equipment VLF/HF - VHF/UHF DF and measuring receivers L A N RF distribution and antenna switching DF antenna switching Data recorders Console Console Console Printers Database Uninterruptable power supply Engine generator 110/220 V 50/60 Hz Router Wide area network DF: direction finding GPS: global positioning system 15 ExampleDF system
Antenna array triangle array (cross-loop element)) 16 Picture of antenna array 17 ExampleDF system interface DF technique correlative interferometer 18 Examplelistening system Log antenna 19 Pictures of listening site 20 Listening interface 21 Mobile monitoring station Advantages flexibility expanded coverage Disadvantages limited by workspace setup antenna power supply living condition
22 What is the first important thing for mobile monitoring station? GPS system ensure the location know the bearing 23 Division by different transportation
Vehicle station Airborne station Marinetime station 24 Vehicles General consideration Antennas for vehicle monitoring station Requirements to be fulfilled by the vehicle Power supply Examples of a vehicle concept 25 General consideration what functions the vehicle is to be used for general-purpose or specialized
What manner it is to be used in (where and how long) 26 Antennas for vehicle monitoring station The size and the number Distorting effectcalibration Directional antenna
27 Requirements to be fulfilled by the vehicle Communication system Sufficient leg room Windows Safety Convenient seat location Interior light Thermal insulation Weight Powerful built-in generating set Speed 28 Spec-023 Telescopic mast Air conditioning system Onboard Diesel generator 19" cabinet equipment O p e r a t o r t a b l e Interior of a mobile monitoring station 29 Power supply Equipment type Power consumption (W) Spectrum analyser (26 GHz, portable) 210 Oscilloscope (400 MHz, portable) 120 Signal generator (100 kHz-2 GHz) 200 DF (20 MHz-3 GHz) 140 HF receiver 150 Industrial personal computer (PC) with colour display monitor 200 30 Power supply Batteries and secondary cells Alternators coupled to the engine-Inverters Generating sets Mains supply Diesel engine preferred 31 Examples of a vehicle concept 32 33 34 The vehicle example 35 Rear view
36 Interior View 1
37 Interior View 2
38 Brief introduction of this example Frequency band :HF and V/UHF bands. DF method: Watson-Watt method on HF correlative interferometer on V/UHF ITU measurement 39 Airborne monitoring stations advantage 1. Quick exploration of broad geographical areas 2. obtaining several lines of bearing from different locations 3. Better opportunity to perform measurements due to line of sight 4. Rapid location of emergency beacons, interferers and Earth stations which sometimes cannot be detected from ground 5. All means of measurement of aeronautical flight aid transmissions 40 Airborne monitoring stations Disadvantage 1.Cost of flight 2.Limitations in weight, power, size, cooling 3.Limited by weather, winds 4.Limited flight time due to fuel limitations 5.Requires accurate azimuth and depression angle, fast DF capability and antenna tracking 6. Frequency compensation for relative velocity may be needed
41 Maritime monitoring stations Advantage the area surrounding the marine vessel is generally very quiet from a radio frequency point of view Disadvantage Corrosive atmosphere Multipath due to sea state reflection Antenna mounting Radio frequency ducting over warm bodies of water 42 Portable monitoring station advantage more flexibility than mobiles one person can carry Disadvantage less functions less accuracy 43 DF and Location
44 Contents DF General principle of DF Main DFers features DF methods Bearing related topics DF features due to frequency difference DF antenna Location Location overview Cross-bearing location Single station location
45 General Principle of DF Concept of radio DF Concept of azimuth The basic architecture of DF system 46 The process to determine the line of bearing (LOB) of any source of electromagnetic radiation by means of the propagation properties of radio waves.
Normally, direction is expressed by azimuth. Concept of Radio DF 47 Direction Finder Reference direction radiation source Concept of Azimuth Azimuth: the clockwise angle from the line ( the radiation source to the direction finder) to a reference direction.
Geographical north ; geomagnetic north; or the heading of vehicle in mobile DF. 48 The Basic Architecture of DF System
Antenna system Input switching network
Receiver
Terminal devices receive the signal from the radiation source. transmit the signal without distortion. include impedance convertor, distribution, etc.
signal processing. Such as amplify, demodulate, etc.
get and display the azimuth.
49 Main DF Engineering Features 50 Accuracy Concept:
DF error=Vm-V real
within 1to 3.
51 Sensitivity
Concept: E min ensure the accuracy within certain range
Importance: extending the coverage of DFer under good receiving conditions
sufficiently reliable DF under less favourable receiving conditions. 52 Response time Concept: Tmin to finish one DF task
Duration of signal > response time
53 Immunity to distorted wavefronts (coherent interference) obstacle transmitter what produce distorted wavefronts?
reflection by obstacles and diffraction by edges.
multi-path reception.
Result: There are interferences and the original plane wavefront is distorted. 54 Depending on its diameter D, a DF antenna detects only a small part of the wavefront. D/ narrow-aperture DF antennas medium aperture DF antennas Wide-aperture DF antennas D/<0.5 0.5<D/<1 D/>1 overcome multi- path problems and other sources of error, providing higher SNR and smaller DF errors than narrow- aperture antennas.
D: diameter of the DF antennas. : wavelength of the received signal. choose a DF antenna with large D/ 55 Narrow/wide aperture DF antenna bearing with wide-aperture DF antenna bearing with narrow-aperture DF antenna nominal bearing Nar r ow-/wi de-aper t ur e DF ant ennas undistorted wave front distorted wave front 56 Immunity to co-channel interference Concept: non-coherent ,co-channel interference.
Erroneous bearings should be recognized and identified.
Individual bearings should be taken of all the signals. 57 DF methods
Rotating DF method Non-rotating DF method Amplitude-comparison DF method Phase-comparison DF method Combination of amplitude and phase DF method 58 Rotating antenna DF method receiver 90 0 270 Bearing indicator 59 Advantages High sensitivity due to the directivity of the antenna Simple and inexpensive realization Resolution of multi-wavefronts Same antenna can be used for direction finding and monitoring
60 Disadvantages Probability of intercept is reciprocal of the directivity in case of short-duration signals 61 Non-rotating DF methods Phase-comparison DF methods Amplitude-comparison DF methods Dopplers interferometers Wullenwebers Watson-Watts Combination of amplitude and phase DF methods Correlation 62 Amplitude-comparison DF methods
Watson-Watt DF method Wullenweber DF method 63
Watson-Watt DF method c uCos KUmSin N-S
E-W NS U = c uCos KUmCos EW U c uCos KUmSin = u u Cos Sin arctg U U arctg NS EW = u = : Azimuth : Elevation Can not get the Elevation 64 Accuracy (without site influence) 1 to 2 Sensitivity Med-High NOTE Performance based on antenna selection Response time < 1 ms Immunity against distorted wavefronts (coherent interference) Limited, as no wide aperture antenna arrays possible Immunity against co- channel interference (non-coherent interference) Separation possible using analogues CRT display techniques. Operator interpretation of CRT used in resolving interference pattern. Digital signal processing cannot algorithmically separate time coincident co-channel signals. Histogram techniques may be employed for non-time coincident signals Adcock/Watson-Watt DF systems 65 A B O 120 C D
Antennas: ACB (arc) Time delay network Antennas: ADB (line) AD BD - + Incoming wave + radiation pattern - radiation pattern Wullenweber DF method 66 Wullenweber direction finder 67 Advantages: High accuracy High sensitivity Strong immunity to co-channel interference
Disadvantages: Long response time Complicated structure Wullenweber DF method 68 Phase-comparison DF methods Doppler/pseudo-Doppler Phase interferometer
69 Doppler/pseudo-Doppler f f 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 1 Incoming wave 70 Accuracy HF/VHF/UHF: 1,VHF: 0.1(D/>4) Sensitivity High Response time HF: approx 100ms; VHF/UHF: approx 10ms Immunity against distorted wavefronts (coherent interference) D/>1, wide-aperture DF antennas Immunity against co-channel interference (non-coherent interference) Limited, only measure the strongest signal
HF skywave capability With across circle antennas, the signal with elevation up to 90 can be measured (sensitivity reduce), SSL function Doppler/pseudo-Doppler DF system 71
L = d sin u, A t = L c
= e A t = eL = 2tf d sin u c c
f = c , = 2 t c d sin u c
= 2 t d sin u
A B d u u = 0 >< 0 N Phase interferometer 72 a = d sin u cos A o t = a/c (distance/speed) = (d sin u cos A )/c o u = O * o t o u = (2H d / ) sin u cos A ou = 2 t d sin u cos A
A 1 2 d a u P1 P2 P3 Considering elevation angle 73 Accuracy (without site influence) < 1 Sensitivity High Response time < 10 ms < 1 ms* *NOTE Successful systems, which use antenna switching to a pair of coherent measurement channels, are common. Response time is most rapid when one receiver is used for each antenna, and all measurements are made in parallel. Immunity against distorted wavefronts (coherent interference) High when using wide aperture antenna arrays Immunity against co-channel interference (non-coherent interference) Separation possible using histogram techniques for non-time coincident signals; for time coincident signals only the signal that is stronger by 3 to 5 dB can be evaluated Phase interferometer system 74 Combination of amplitude and phase DF methods Correlation/Super-resolution 75 Correlation/super-resolution Antenna array 1 2 3 A, Reference channel 1 2 9 3 8 4 7 5 6 Memory A ref , ref Incoming wave (azimuth:,elevation:) , DF converter 76 Sensitivity High Accuracy (without site influence) < 1 Response time for HF < 100 ms for VHF/UHF < 10 ms NOTE System processing times will be lengthened if only one or two parallel receiver channels are used Immunity against distorted wavefronts (coherent interference) High when using wide aperture antenna arrays Immunity against co- channel interference (non-coherent interference) Separation possible using histogram techniques for non-time coincident signals; for time coincident signals in the vector correlation system, only the signal that is stronger by 3 to 5 dB can be evaluated; the SR-DF system separates multiple signals Correlative interferometer/Super-resolution-DF (SR-DF) 77 Bearing related topics Display of bearings Sources and expression of bearing errors Classification of bearings Calibration and correction 78 Display of Bearings Display of results of a single channel DFer: Parameters indicated: numeric DF value azimuth in polar coordinates elevation as bar graph (combined with azimuth display) DF quality level Histogram of DF values Waterfall (DF values versus time) 79 80 bearing errors instrument error Environment error Propagation error Operation error Maximum error Averaging error Statistic probability error Averaging square root error error sources error expression Sources and expression of bearing error: 81 Classification of bearings Class Bearing error (degrees) Observational characteristics Signal strength Bearing indication Fading Interference Bearing swing (degrees) Duration of observation A 2 Very good or good definite negligible negligible <= 3 adequate B 5 fairly good bearing fluctuation slight slight > 3 <= 5 short C 10 weak severely Fluctuating bearing strong strong > 5 <= 10 very short D >= 10 scarcely perceptible ill-defined very strong very strong > 10 inadequate Classifications of bearings (of frequencies below 30 MHz) 82 Classification of bearings Class Bearing error (degrees) Observational characteristics Signal strength Bearing indication Fading Interference Bearing swing (degrees) Duration of observation A 1 Very good or good definite negligible negligible <= 1 adequate B 2 fairly good bearing fluctuation slight slight > 1 <=3 short C 5 weak severely Fluctuating bearing strong strong > 3 <= 5 very short D >= 5 scarcely perceptible ill-defined very strong very strong > 5 inadequate Classifications of bearings (of frequencies above 30 MHz) 83 Calibration and Correction Because of errors due to the direction finder site and equipment To check the impact of the site and re-radiation from nearby structures, forest etc on direction finders performance To check if the DFer works well and is in good conditions after being installed at the site Calibration of mobile Direction finders Calibration of fixed Direction finders Instrument Calibration Site Calibration To eliminate the influence of the vehicle on the DFer 84 DF features due to frequency difference DF below 30MHz DF above 30MHz 85 DF Below 30MHz Different propagation modes DFers are remote from the area of interest Measurements are relatively unstable Susceptible to errors induced by reflections from the ionosphere
86 DF above 30MHz DFers are in the vicinity of the area of interest Measurements are reliable DF measurements can be made difficult due to the presence of interference and the reflections suffered by waves. 87 DF antenna Antenna parameters DF antennas in common use
88 Mainly includes: Radiation Pattern Directivity Efficiency and Gain Impedance characteristic Antenna Polarization Bandwidth
Antenna parameters 89
HF range fixedarrays of monopoles or crossed-loop elements mobileeither loops or ferrite elements
VHF/UHF range mostly arrays of dipoles or fans
DF antennas in common use 90 Example 1: HF cross loop antenna Array of 7 or more cross loop antennas installed along an 81 m equilateral triangle. 91 92 UHF1 sub band antenna (160 - 500 MHz) h = 55 cm O = 100.8 cm / VHF sub band antenna (20 - 160 MHz) h = 180 cm O = 295.6 cm / UHF2 Sub band antenna (500 MHz - 1350 MHz) h =22 cm O = 36 cm / Example 2: V/UHF dipole antenna 93 94 95 Location Location overview Cross-bearing location Single station location 96 Location Overview Location method Cross-bearing Location (In V/UHF or HF band) Single Station Location (Only in HF band) More accurate but needs at least two direction finders Only need one direction finder 97 Cross-bearing location method Using two or more direction finders in different geo-positions;
test and get two or more azimuths of the interference at the same time;
According to the azimuths, along the arc of the great circle connect interference with the receiving point on an electronic map.
the point of intersection is the location of the radiation source .
Station B Station C Station A Location area 98 Cross-bearing Location Principle Basic principle of triangulation using two direction finders DFer1: A DFer2: B Emitter: E The reference direction: X axis Azimuth from DFer1: 1 Azimuth from DFer2: 2 Y e -Y 1 =(X e -X 1 ) tg1 Y e -Y 2 =(X e -X 1 ) tg(180-2)
X Y A(X 1 ,Y 1 ) B(X 2 ,Y 2 ) E(X e ,Y e ) 1 2 0 Bearing errors are not taken into account. 99 Cross-bearing Location Principle DFer Bearing Uncertainty on bearing due to errors 100 Cross-bearing Location Principle DFer1 DFer2 Bearing 101 Location calculation Location calculation Triangulation method Large circles, spherical triangles method Long distances When a direction finder is very far from a transmitter, the bearing line cannot be considered as a straight line but an arc. 102 Cross-bearing Location Systems Most common and economical way of cross-bearing location is a remote-controlled direction finding system. 103 Remote-controlled DF Systems Monitoring center Remote DF station Remote DF station Remote DF station 104 Location calculation dependent on the quality of bearings Bearings should be analyzed at both DF stations and monitoring station. 105 Location calculation DF stations analysis what mainly consist in? Classifying the bearings Eliminating aberrant shootings Calculating the mean value and the variance of shootings 106 Location calculation What mainly consist in mobile station? Determining the bearings to be used for the location calculation Calculating the position Calculating the uncertainty ellipse 107 Location calculation steps Determining bearing made reliable for each DFer Eliminating off-center shootings Location calculation Uncertanty ellipse calculation Elementary bearings Azimuth, elevation, typical deviati on Technical measurements Frequency, modulation, bandwidth Ellipce charactrist ics Quality notation Bearing processing by the monitoring center Bearing by the direction-finder Bearing made reliable by DFer Bearing geograophically consistent Lattitude, longit ude The computer program TRIANGULATION, that generally follows these steps, is available in the ITU. 108 Eliminating non-convergent bearings DFer 1 DFer 2 DFer 3 DFer 4 Areas of uncertainty on each intersection on bearing from DFer 1 Uncertainty on bearing Bearing 109 Evaluating the location point The optimum point is searched applying the least squares method.
... ) / ( ) / ( ) / ( 3 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 1 + + + = v d v d v d S p P is any one point d1, d2, d3,... the angular variations to be applied to each bearing to intersect P v1, v 2, v 3,... the variances of the various bearings. The optimum point is the point minimizing Sp, 110 SSL Principle DF. u = Geographical Azimuth A = Elevation Angle D = Distance h = Virtual Reflection Height DF. h D North A u 111 Limitation of SSL technique Multi-hops propagation The reflection may take place from layers of different heights.
112 Siting of Monitoring Stations 113 General considerations Frequency ranges and geographical areas; International or domestic ; Whether special installations required; On-site field strengths; Administrative considerations; Land costs;
114 Desirable minimum site criteria for a station Location; Protected from obstacles; Electromagnetically protected. 115 Additional desirable site criteria with DFer General considerations: Obstacles Terrain deviation Soil requirement Underground pipes etc. 116 Additional desirable site criteria with DFers (below 30MHz)
Obstacles: see table 1 Terrain: flat ground with water table near the surface 117 Additional desirable site criteria with DFers (below 30MHz) Guiding rules: Terrain: no more than 1% within 100m area (HF) slopes can be steeper within larger area Obstacles: 2-3 degrees Ground: clear within 200m area Cables: 1-2m deep (30m range), 0.5m deep(30-250m)
118 Additional desirable site criteria with DFers (above 30MHz) For VHF/UHF DFers requirements in Table 1 may be reduced In smaller zones: fixed and mobile radios should be restricted In larger zones:high power ISM equipment and major obstacles should be restricted 119 Protection from strong transmitter fields
General consideration To protect monitoring capability
120 Protection from strong transmitter fields(2) How to evaluate? Harmonics as well as fundamental Two or more transmitters(other range) Experiential way of evaluating 121 Protection from strong transmitter fields(3) License applications Strong signal area: avoid active antennas 122 Protection from local computer systems Computer systems may cause interference Computer emissions may be hard to identify 123 Recommendations: Shielded cables computer system installed apart monitoring offices close to the antennas avoid or minimize interference in the planning stage
124 Land requirements Largely mission dependent The use of adjacent property legal aspects related to operational safety and public safety 125 Other considerations Road access Fencing
126 Typical Procedure for Dealing with Interference Complaints 127 Steps Complaint report received Preliminary diagnosis Localization by mobile means Measurement of emissions Measurement evaluation and actions Final check-up
128 Interference Report Details of the following are required: Information of party experiencing the interference; Data about the interfered-with device; Data about the following of the interference 1.occurrence 2.description 3.suspected source
129 Preliminary diagnosis Preliminary diagnosis are performed with the help of the following: Fixed and remotely controlled measurement equipment Direction-finding Frequency assignment databases Switching off the transmitter of the suspected operator (if possible)
130 Localization by Mobile Means A complementary means Could be very time-consuming 131 Measurements of emissions Once the source has been localized and identified, Measure the technical characteristics to determine the nature of the interference; equipments and their settings should be recorded for use in the next step.
132 Measurement Evaluation and Necessary Action Measurement results compared with assignment and standards Actions: 1.Taken out of operation 2.Modification or system rectification 3.Accepted Fine or other penalty may take place
133 Measurement Evaluation and Necessary Action Actions should Conform to the law; Be reasonable; 134 Final check-up Check if remedial actions has been taken Using fixed or remotely controlled equipment On-site inspection Asking the interfered party
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