Ther Max

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Overview
Thermax Thermal Carbon Black

Thermax vs. Furnace Black The Thermax Advantage

Natural Rubber Nitrile Rubbers Hydrogenated Nitrile Polychloroprene Fluoroelastomers NBR/PVC Blends Ethylene Propylene Rubbers Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene Rubbers CSM Butyl and Halobutyl Rubbers
Questions & Answers

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Thermax
Carbon black can be broadly defined as very fine particle aggregates of carbon, possessing an amorphous quasigraphitic molecular structure The most significant areas of distinction between thermal black and furnace black are particle size and structure Thermax, thermal carbon black, due to its higher particle size (280 nm) and lower structure, compared to even the most coarse furnace black, can be translated into excellent rubber compound properties
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Thermax vs. Furnace Black Grades
Particle Size Diameter
N762 (80nm)
N990 (280nm)
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Thermax vs. Furnace Black Grades
Low Structure
Moderate Structure
High Structure
N990
N762
N550
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The Carbon Black Spectrum
140
OAN (DBP) ABSORPTION (ml/100g)
INCREASING STRUCTURE
120
N650
N343 N550 N539 N330 N660 N339
N121 N220 N110
100
80
60
N774 N762
N326
40
N990
20
0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 NITROGEN SURFACE AREA (m2/g) 130 140 150 160
DECREASING PARTICLE SIZE

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Influence of Carbon Black on Properties
Rubber Property Mixing temp. Dispersion Viscosity Green Strength Extrusion Quality Scorch Safety
As Particle size Increases
As Structure Decreases
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Influence of Carbon Black on Properties

As Particle size Increases As Structure Decreases
Rubber Property Tensile Elongation Hardness Tear resistance Compression set Heat build up Abrasion resistance Resilience
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The Thermax Advantage
The properties of Thermax can be translated into rubber compounds with:

Lower heat build-up, especially during extrusion, which is very important for halogen bearing rubbers and high hardness compounds Low hysteresis loss in dynamic applications, for example; automotive engine mounts Reduced volume swell in aggressive fluids Reduced cost Low compound viscosity which is essential for injection molded and sponge compounds
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Natural Rubber (NR) Natural Rubber Structure CH3 CH2 C = CH CH2

Natural rubber is polyisoprene
There are four possible isomers of natural rubber
cis1,4 Isomer -CH2 C=C CH3 H CH2 1,4 structure means that C atoms 1 and 4 are joined in forming the chain In the cis-1,4 structure both carbon atoms 1,4 forming the chain are on the same side of the double bond
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Natural Rubber (NR)
Natural Rubber has outstanding mechanical properties and fatigue resistance making it a very popular choice in dynamic applications
Natural rubber consists of polymer chains all having almost 100% perfect cis1,4 structure. The true chemical name for this polymer is in fact, cis-1,4-polyisoprene When the units in a macromolecule all consist of the same molecule, the polymer is said to be stereo regular
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Properties of Natural Rubber (NR)
Natural Rubber: Crystallizes on stretching, resulting in: high gum tensile strength high tensile strength/elongation @ break very high tear strength & hot tear resistance excellent De Mattia cut growth resistance
Gives a glass transition temp (Tg) of approximately -75C Has high resilience Has excellent tack & green strength properties Imparts low damping (hysteresis) and low heat build-up in dynamic deformation Is unsaturated (double bonds), resulting in poor resistance to: Heat aging Ozone Oils and hydrocarbons
Applications of Natural Rubber
Common Applications of Natural Rubber are:

Truck tire tread (Tear, hot tear, low heat build-up) Passenger radial (Flexibility, low heat build-up) Anti-vibration (Dynamic deformation) Conveyor belting (High mechanical properties, tear) Adhesive tapes and solutions (Tack)
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The Thermax Advantage in Natural Rubber Compounds Thermax maintains the inherent good properties of the natural rubber polymer
The best choice for anti-vibration applications
dynamic
Thermax lowers compound hardness while retaining the good tack properties inherent to natural rubber
Excellent for cushion gum compounds
In wiper blade applications, higher loadings of Thermax lower the rubber content of the compound which is essential for low noise and a good surface finish.
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NR Compound Example Using Thermax

Natural Rubber Engine Mount SMR Zinc Oxide Stearic acid A.O. TMQ N 762 Thermax N990 Aromatic Oil CBS TMTD Sulfur Cure time @ 160C Hardness Tensile strength Elongation @ Break % Dynamic testing at 20 Hz Tan Delta at 25C
100 3 1 1.5 15 45 15 3 0.5 0.5 11 43 206 535 0.084
100 3 1 1.5 15 70 15 3 0.5 0.5 11 49 178 480 0.027
Nitrile Rubber (NBR) Nitrile Structure butadiene - CH2 - CH = CH - CH2 -
acrylonitrile - CH2 - CH CN
Polymer Unit - (CH2 - CH = CH - CH2)n -
CH2 - CH
CN
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Nitrile Rubber (NBR)
Nitrile rubbers are high molecular weight copolymers of 1,3-butadiene and acrylonitrile The percentage of acrylonitrile content can be varied from 18% to 50%, and will influence the performance characteristics of the polymer
The great variation in acrylonitrile content possible with nitrile rubber, allows for compounds to be customized to highlight specific required properties
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Nitrile Rubber Effect of Acrylonitrile Content

Increases Density Processability Cure rate Sulphur Cure System Oil/fuel resistance Compatibility with polar polymers Thermoplasticity Stiffness Tensile
As ACN Increases
Abrasion resistance Heat aging resistance Decreases Resilience Cure rate peroxide system Low temperature flexibility Air/gas permeability
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Nitrile Rubber Effect of Mooney
Increases Acceptance of fillers/plasticizers Incorporation time of fillers
Mixing temp Sheet formation time on mill

Mill shrinkage Green strength Modulus
As Mooney Increases
Decreases Porosity Compression set
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Properties of Nitrile Rubbers Nitrile Rubber: Has very good oil and fuel resistance Can perform over a wide temperature range
Has inherently good resistance to gas permeation which increases as the level of acrylonitrile increases
Can be blended, up to 50%, with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to produce compounds that exhibit good weathering characteristics in addition to good dynamic properties Can be co-polymerized with methacrylic or acrylic acid to produce carboxylated nitrile (XNBR), which is noted for its excellent dynamic properties and abrasion resistance
Applications of Nitrile (NBR)

Common Applications of Nitrile Rubber are: Gaskets and seals NBR, XNBR (for high hardness) Hoses NBR (mainly in tubes), NBR/PVC (mainly in covers) Belting NBR Rollers NBR, XNBR (for high hardness) Cable Jackets NBR/PVC Textile (spinning cots/aprons) NBR, NBR/PVC, XNBR
Industrial footwear NBR, NBR/XNBR blend, NBR/PVC sponge

Insulation NBR/PVC sponge Molded/extruded components for various industries & automotive Fabric proofing NBR Milking inflation - NBR
The Thermax Advantage in NBR Compound Applications Higher loadings are achievable with Thermax, which reduces the rubber content enabling for lower swell in aggressive fluids
Gaskets and seals
Thermax promotes good extrusion properties and low heat development, avoiding potential scorch problems. This is critical for high hardness compounds
Hydraulic hose tubing
Thermax maintains the desired hardness of a compound while lowering the viscosity for effective blowing
NBR/PVC Sponge Insulation, hoses and soles
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Nitrile Compound Example Using Thermax

Hydraulic Hose (Broad Temperature Range)
Nitrile Rubber ZnO St. acid Processing Additive A.O. Aminox A.O. ZMBI N550 N990 ageing Paraplex G-25 KP 140 Sulfasan R CBS TMTD Cure @ 166 SH / TS / EB Vol. swell % 100 (33-34% ACN, 75-80 Mooney) 5 1 2 2 (DPA + Acetone reaction product) 2 (Zn Salt of 2 Mercaptobenzimidazole) 50 Suitable blend for good processing, 50 vulcanizate properties and good heat 10 and low temperature cracking 1 3 3 15' 70 / 152 / 270 19 (ASTM Oil 3 / 70h 135C)
> Blend of polyester and phosphate 10 > plasticizers for resistance to heat extraction
Blending with Thermax N990 helps improve scorch safety during extrusion due to lower heat development. Higher filler loading improves over all extrusion properties and sealing with end couplings
Hydrogenated NBR (HNBR)
Hydrogenated nitrile rubber is based on NBR that has been chemically altered (hydrogenated), resulting in a much lower amount of unsaturation in the polymer backbone. HNBR exhibits significantly improved heat resistance, compared to NBR, while retaining excellent oil and fuel resistance.
HNBR Range % Hydrogenation ~ 85 to 99+ % ACN content 17 to 50 Mooney (ML 1+4 @ 100C) 50 to 150
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Comparison with NBR for 50 phr FEF compound-Peroxide cured

HNBR+ 50 phr FEF
99+ % hydrogenation 38% ACN 55* Mooney
NBR+ 50 phr FEF

38% ACN 50** Mooney
Mooney (ML 1+4 @ 100C) Hardness (Shore A) T.S. (M.Pa) EB (%) Tear Die C (KN/m) Comp. Set % (168h/150C) Abrasion (DIN mm3 loss) Air Ageing (168h/150C) Hardness T.S. (%) EB (%)
43 68 17.5 390 15 18 145 +8 Nil -30
86 76 21.9 180 16.7 27 260 +17 Brittle Brittle
The significant improvements in the properties of HNBR over NBR, especially in compression set & heat ageing, bring HNBR very close to specialty rubbers.
*ML 1+4@125oC **ML 1+4@100oC 25 Cancarb August 4, 2013
Hydrogenated NBR (HNBR)

HNBR* Tensile Heat Resistance 1 3 ACM 3 3 FKM 3 1 VMQ 7 1
Comp. Set
Low Temp Gear Oil ASTM Oil #1 Sour Gasoline
2
3 1 1 2
2
5 1 3 5
1
7 4 4 1
1
1 7 7 7
Rating:1 Best; 7 Worst

*99+ % Hydrogenation
Applications of HNBR
Timing belts (automotive) ozone resistance, flexing
Power steering rotary shaft seals

O rings Oil well specialties Rollers Air conditioning hoses for cars
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The Thermax Advantage in HNBR Compounds Applications HNBR rubbers have inherently good mechanical properties and do not require a reinforcing black. Thermax maintains the good mechanical properties of HNBR while lowering the compound viscosity which is essential for easy processing Thermax does not degrade the excellent compression set of the HNBR polymer Higher loadings are possible with Thermax resulting in lower polymer content which provides lower oil swell and a significant reduction in the overall compound cost Thermax allows for extrusion with lower heat build-up giving better scorch safety and further improved impermeability of HNBR
HNBRLow Compound Example Compression SetUsing HNBR Seal Thermax

Low Compression Set Seal
TORNAC A 38.55 (99.5% saturation) Thermax N990 Plasticizer WB 300* ZnO Stearic acid Trigonox 101-45** TAIC ML 1+4 @ 100C MS Mooney Scorch at 125C Cure time at 180C SH/TS/EB Air aging 150C / 168H Compression Set 70 h / 150C 100 50 5 5 1 8 3 70 >25 9 60/146/235 +8/-3/-40% 12
Thermax maintains good low compression viscosity/mold flow, allows for less polymer content, low swell, adequate tensile strength and excellent compression set
*Mixture of Aliphatic / Aromatic polyesters ** 2,5 dimethyl 2,5 bis (tert butyl peroxy) hexane (Akzo).
NBR/PVC Blends
Both NBR and PVC are polar which makes them very compatible, typically a 70/30 ratio
NBR provides resistance to heat and organic fluids but has poor resistance to weathering and ozone due to unsaturation. PVC provides resistance to weathering, ozone and aliphatic hydrocarbons oils PVC also improves processing, reduced flammability and mechanical properties such as T.S., tears and abrasions
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Carboxylated NBR (XNBR)

Carboxylated NBR (XNBR) is a terpolymer NBR with acidic organic monomer (typically 1 & 7%) carboxylic acid as a third monomer
Reactions of ZnO and Carboxylic Acid result in a matrix with significantly increased mechanical properties, such as higher hardness, abrasion resistance and tear strength Although sacrifice in processing (mill and mould sticking) scorch, resilience and low temperature resistance, product retains the basic properties of NBR (oil & fuel resistance)
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Applications
Gasket and Seals - mainly NBR, high hardness seals ex/ Mud Pump XNBR Hoses NBR mainly in tubes, NBR/PVC bend mainly in cover Beltings Rollers NBR, XNBR for higher hardness rollers Cable Jackets NBR/PVC blends Textile spinning cots/aprons, NBR, NBR/PVC, XNBR Industrial Footwear NBR, NBR/XNBR blend, NBR/PVC sponge soiling Insulation NBR/PVC sponge Moulded/extruded components for various industries, automotive Fabric proofing protective coatings, NBR Milking inflation NBR, resistance to fat
NBR/PVC Blend Example Using Thermax

Compound 1 Compound 2 Gasohol Resistant Hoses NBR/PVC Blend70/30 100 100 Sulphur 1.5 1.5 ZnO 5 5 St. acid 1.5 1.5 N550 25 30 Thermax N990 45 60 DOP 23 30 A.O. ODPA 1.5 1.5 P. Wax 3 3 TMTM .5 .5 ML, 1+4@ 100C 34 34 MS, t5 @125C 23 22 Cure Time @ 160C 7.5 7.5 SH/TS/EB 68/143/450 70/131/415 Comp. set 22 h/70C 27 27 Ageing in M15 test fuel (FAM 85 Methanol 15), 48h at 23C Change -18/-59/-60/+47.8v -19/-27/-51/+39v High loading of Thermax lowers the polymer content allowing for low swell in aggressive fuels, low compression set and good extrusion.
Polychloroprene (CR) Polychloroprene Structure 2-chlorobutadiene CH2 = C CH = CH2 Cl Cl Chloroprene (liquid) trans-1,4 polychloroprene (88-92 %) -CH2 C=C CH2H
Similar to trans-1,4 isoprene but, the CH3 group has been replaced by Cl
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Polychloroprene (CR)
Polychloroprene is often called neoprene. Neoprene is, in fact, the trade name of Dupont Dow Elastomers polychloroprene product line Polychloroprene has a structure similar to that of natural rubber except one of the methyl side groups is replaced by a chlorine atom and it is a trans-oriented molecule Polychloroprene can be sulfur modified or mercaptan modified to provide specific desired properties
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Properties of Polychloroprene (CR)

Polychloroprene Rubber: Crystallizes on stretching, allowing for: High gum tensile strength; similar to Natural Rubber (NR) Very good fatigue resistance When sulfur modified, will provide: Excellent fatigue resistance Highly resilient compounds High tear resistance When mercaptan modified, will provide: Better raw polymer stability Good resistance to heat Good resistance to compression set
Applications of Polychloroprene Common applications of polychloroprene rubber are:

Adhesives polarity-bonding V-belts tack and fire resistance
Timing belts tack and fire resistance

Bellows high flexibility Automotive seals
Bridge bearing pads good dynamic properties and ozone resistance

Wire and cable resistance to abrasion, oil, flame and weathering resistance
Hose (especially covers) good weathering resistance

The Thermax Advantage in Polychloroprene Rubber Compounds
Thermax will not degrade the inherently mechanical properties of polychloroprene
good
Thermax lowers the compound viscosity which is essential for lower heat build-up during extrusion and good mold flow Thermax will maintain the good compression set of the polychloroprene rubber Higher loading of Thermax is possible resulting in a lower rubber content which decreases oil swell and reduces the compound cost
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Polychloroprene Compound Example Using Thermax

Wiper Blade Compound
Neoprene WRT SMR CV 60 ZnO MgO Stearic acid Thermax N990 SRF Paraffinic Oil DPG TMTD Sulfur 6 PPD TMQ MC Wax Hardness 60 40 5 4 2 40 20 2-3 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.5 1.5 2 60
High loading of Thermax reduces the polymer content (cost savings) which helps for low noise and gives a clean product & surface finish
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Fluoroelastomers (FKM)
Fluoroelastomer Structure
- (CF2-CH2)X
(CF-CF2)Y CF3
(CF2-CF2)Z
VF2 Vinylidine Fluoride
HFP Hexafluoropropylene
TFE Tetrafluoroethylene
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Fluoroelastomers - FKM Fluorocarbon elastomers are a very popular choice for difficult sealing applications Fluoroelastomers are created by substituting fluorine for hydrogen on a carbon-based macromolecule Unlike hydrocarbon rubbers, which are non-polar, presence of fluorine creates polar molecules the
Fluoroelastomers are expensive and difficult to process due to their relatively high molecular weight
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Properties of Fluoroelastomers
Fluoroelastomers:
Can be compounded to provide high heat resistance and thermal stability Have excellent oil & gasoline resistance Have excellent hydrocarbon-based solvent resistance Have very good impermeability Are flame resistant Are resistant to weathering Have excellent compression set resistance Are expensive
Tend to have high Mooney viscosities which accelerate heat buildup when mixing
Applications of Fluoroelastomers Common applications of Fluoroelastomers are:

Automotive Valve Stem Seals, Shaft Seals, O Rings Aerospace O Rings for Hydraulic, Lubricating and Fuel Systems Oil Field Packers & Blow-out Preventers Industrial Expansion Joints in Mines, Gaskets, Valve & Pump Linings Hoses Fuel Lines, Turbo Chargers, Bio-diesel
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The Thermax Advantage in FKM Compound Applications High loadings of Thermax will not reduce the excellent compression set and low swell inherent to FKM
Excellent for O ring and seal applications
The higher loading ability of impermeability of the compound
Thermax
improves
the
The best choice for fuel line hose veneer
The specific gravity of Thermax is similar to that of FKM, so higher loading of Thermax allows for the same volume of compound to be produced while using less of the expensive FKM elastomer, without sacrificing the desired compound properties.
Overall compound cost reduction
FKM Compound Example Using Thermax

FKM O-ring
Dyneon FC 2176 Maglite D
Calcium Hydroxide SRF
Compound 1
100 3
6 20
Compound 2
100 3
6 30
Thermax N990 Press cure 10@177C+Post cure 24hrs@260C
Tensile Strength (psi) Elongation at Break (%)

Shore A Hardness Air Ageing 70 hrs/276C Tensile Strength (psi) Elongation at Break (%) Shore A Hardness Compression set (%)
2120 220
80 1695 330 81 50
1970 290
76 1405 295 77 28
- Method B (0.139 O rings) 70 hrs/200C
Thermax enables higher loading while maintaining adequate original mechanical properties with excellent ageing properties, compression set resistance and low swell
Ethylene Propylene Diene Rubber (EPDM)

Structure CH3 | + CH = CH2 + A Diene Monomer Propylene
CH2 = CH2 Ethylene
Diene Monomers Used in EPDM DCPD - dicyclopentadiene ENB - ethylidene nobornene VNB - vinyl norbornene Typically, ethylene comprises 45% to 80% of the polymer with the diene making up 2.5% to 12%.
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Increasing the ethylene content in EPDM provides: Improved cold green strength Excellent theroplasticity which improves extrusion and mold flow characteristics Increased filler and oil loading ability Higher heat resistance Good cured tensile strength properties But: It is responsible for less building tack It is more difficult to mix Mill processing at low temperatures is difficult Compression set and recovery in cold temperatures is poor Flex resistance and elastic recovery are reduced
EPDM Molecular Weight Distribution

EPDM Polymer can be produced with a range of Molecular Weight Distribution (MWD).
High molecular weight distribution EPDM provides for: Excellent hot green strength, important for shaping and continuous vulcanization High collapse resistance critical for hollow extruded sections Less porosity in extrudates Excellent physical properties Low compression set Improved resilience Facilitates oil and filler extension which improves the difficult processing characteristics common to high MWD polymers Higher loading of filler for lower cost compounds

Increasing the diene content of the polymer provides:
Shorter cure times Higher resilience Higher modulus Lower compression set Cure compatibility with unsaturated rubbers
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Properties of EPDM
EPDM based rubber offers: Excellent weather and ozone resistance Excellent high & low temperature resistance Excellent water and chemical resistance Excellent dielectric properties But, Poor resistance to oils and hydrocarbon solvents Poor adhesion
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Applications of EPDM Rubber

Automotive industry
Extruded Profiles solid and sponge Hoses Radiator and Heater Seals and grommets
Appliance Industry
Washing machine parts gaskets, elbows and hoses
Construction Industry
Glass profiles Flooring Membranes Roofing
Electrical Industry
Low and Medium voltage cabling cable jackets
Chemical Industry
Hoses Seals
EPDM Compound Example Using

Thermax Automotive Moulded Sponge
Keltan 512 ZnO St. Acid Benzoic acid Thermaxx N990 Winnofil S (Coated pptd CaCO3) Sunpar 150 Vaselin TMTD MBTS Sulphur Benzene Sulphohydrazide Benzene 1,3 Disulphohydrazide
ML 1+4@100C Cure time 15@160 Specific Gravity
100 5 1 1 100 35 60 10 Rotor/Roll Release 2 2 2 3 3

19 0.52
Higher Loading reduces costs. Low compound Mooney helps efficient blowing, gives uniform cell structure
Metallocene EPDM Technology

The introduction of EPDM in the world market produced by Metallocene Catalyst Technology has increased the scope for the usage of Thermal Black in these rubbers considerably EPDM produced by Metallocene Catalyst Technology has very high molecular weight compared to traditional EPDM Rubbers produced from solution and suspension polymerization technology EPMD Rubbers with Metallocene Technology are very difficult to process when compounded with furnace blacks alone. Blending Thermax in blend with the furnace black lowers the compound viscosity allowing for easy processing without a negative affect on mechanical properties
The Thermax Advantage in EPDM Compound Applications
High loadings of Thermax can reduce the compound cost without sacrificing compression set and dynamic properties Thermax reduces the compound viscosity which improves processing, blowing and molding properties The very low grit level of Thermax maintains excellent surface finish and ensures a uniform cell structure in sponge applications.
The excellent dispersion of Thermax results in consistent heat transfer throughout the extrusion and uniform cooling
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Chlorosulfonated Polyethylene Rubbers (CSM)

Structure
- (CH2-CH2)x (CH2-CH)y (CH2-CH)z | | Cl SO2 | Cl

Polyethylene, a low cost plastic, is chemically modified to a cross-linkable rubber, retaining some of the important properties of polyethylene such as chemical resistance and electrical properties This polymer is almost exclusively produced by DuPont Performance Elastomers under the trade name Hypalon. On May 7th, 2009, DuPont announced that it will cease production of Hypalon and completely exit the CSM business
Properties and Grades of CSM

Properties
Excellent resistance to weather, ozone, sunlight, oxidation, alkalies and acids Good resistance to oil and gasoline Good flame resistance, abrasion resistance It is close to polychloroprene in most properties but superior in resistance to acids, alkalies, solvents, Ozone and oxidation with better color stability Grades Depending on the Cl content, range 24% to 43%, S content around 1%, varying Mooney Increasing Cl content give oil and flame resistance
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Applications of CSM Rubbers

Grade Cl content (%) Mooney Viscosity ML 1=4 @ 100C 56/45
Hypalon 40/40S 35 Hoses W&C Rolls Hypalon 45 24 W&C Low Temp. Applications Hypalon 48/48S 43 Excellent oil resistance low permeability to Freon Air Conditioner Hoses
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Butyl Rubber (IIR)

Structure CH3 | - CH2 C | CH3
Isobutylene
CH3 | - CH2 C = CH - CH2 -
Isoprene
Butyl Rubber is a copolymer of isobutylene and a small amount of Isoprene, typically around 2% Chlorobutyl (CIIR) and bromobutyl (BIIR) rubbers are produced in a similar manner, but with and additional halogenation stage required
Properties of Butyl Rubbers

Presence of bulky isobutylene groups causes slow movement of the polymer chain which gives butyl rubber excellent impermeability to air, oxygen and water -CH3 groups along the chains interfere with each other, reduce the speed with which the molecules Low unsaturation makes Butyl more resistant to heat ageing and to attacks by acids, alkalis, oxidizing agents, ozone, water and steam, than general purpose polymers such as SBR, BR and NR
Butyl rubber is very similar in structure to polyisobutylene and has a similar glass transition temperature (Tg) of -70C Butyl has low resilience and very poor resistance to compression set, oil and hydrocarbon based solvents Low unsaturation slows the compound cure rate and reduces Butyls compatibility with the more unsaturated rubbers such as NR, SBR and BR. Even small amount mixed in with these rubbers gives a disastrous effect on compound properties
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Halobutyl Rubber
Isoprene
CH3 | Add X2 -CH2-C=CH-CH2X=Cl or Br
Halobutyl
CH3 CH2 + | || - Minus H (-CH2-C-CH-CH2-) + (X ) (-CH2-C-CH-CH2-) + (HX) + | | X X
Virtually all halogenation takes place at the isoprene portions of the IIR Chains which represent approximately 2.0 mole% of the IIR Co-Polymer
Commercial chlorobutyls contain 1.1 to 1.3% weight of chlorine and bromobutyls contain 1.9 to 2.1% weight of Bromine Stearic hindrance of the double bond favors substitution rather than addition, so most of the unsaturation is retained, although it is now largely isomerised
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Butyl versus Halobutyl Rubber
Butyl rubber
Chlorobutyl
Bromobutyl
Cure reactivity Compatibility with other unsaturated rubbers Tack Cure adhesion with other rubbers Increased cure compatibility reduces the need for stringent precautions against contamination with other unsaturated rubbers Flexibility and resistance to dry heat are almost identical for both Chloro and Bromobutyl rubber
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Permeability of Halobutyl
Typical Tire Inner Liner Compound Permeablility rates at 65C 100% NR 100% SBR HIIR/NR (60:40) 100% HIIR Air 8.3 6.8 3.1 1.0 Moisture 13.3 11.0 3.0 1.0
The excellent permeability of Halobutyl rubber makes it a very popular choice for tire inner liners
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Applications of Butyl and Halobutyl Rubber

Inner tubes for tires (IIR, HIIR) Heat resistant conveyor belts (HIIR) Tire Inner liners (HIIR)
Tank linings (HIIR)

Side Walls (HIIR) Dampers/bridge bearing pads (IIR/HIIR) Tire curing bladders (HIIR) Adhesives/sealants (cross-linked IIR, HIIR) Steam/Automotive Hoses (HIIR) Pharmaceutical closures (HIIR)
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The Thermax Advantage in IIR & HIIR Compound Applications High loadings of Thermax can reduce the overall compound cost without a significant loss in compound properties The higher loading ability of Thermax improves the impermeability of the compound by replacing polymer with impermeable filler
Thermax can raise the viscosity of the compound making it easier and less expensive to process
Improved adhesion can be achieved with Thermax which is very important for inner liner and other rubber to rubber bonding applications.
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1

Thermax Thermal Carbon Black

Questions & Answers

Thermax vs. Furnace Black Grades

Particle Size Diameter

Thermax vs. Furnace Black Grades

The Carbon Black Spectrum

OAN (DBP) ABSORPTION (ml/100g)

N343 N550 N539 N330 N660 N339

N121 N220 N110

DECREASING PARTICLE SIZE

Influence of Carbon Black on Properties

As Particle size Increases

Influence of Carbon Black on Properties

The Thermax Advantage

The properties of Thermax can be translated into rubber compounds with:

Natural Rubber (NR) Natural Rubber Structure CH3 CH2 C = CH CH2

Natural Rubber (NR)

Properties of Natural Rubber (NR)

Applications of Natural Rubber

Common Applications of Natural Rubber are:

NR Compound Example Using Thermax

100 3 1 1.5 15 45 15 3 0.5 0.5 11 43 206 535 0.084

100 3 1 1.5 15 70 15 3 0.5 0.5 11 49 178 480 0.027

Nitrile Rubber (NBR) Nitrile Structure butadiene - CH2 - CH = CH - CH2 -

Polymer Unit - (CH2 - CH = CH - CH2)n -

Nitrile Rubber (NBR)

Nitrile Rubber Effect of Acrylonitrile Content

Nitrile Rubber Effect of Mooney

Increases Acceptance of fillers/plasticizers Incorporation time of fillers

Mixing temp Sheet formation time on mill

Applications of Nitrile (NBR)

Industrial footwear NBR, NBR/XNBR blend, NBR/PVC sponge

Nitrile Compound Example Using Thermax

Hydrogenated NBR (HNBR)

Comparison with NBR for 50 phr FEF compound-Peroxide cured

NBR+ 50 phr FEF

43 68 17.5 390 15 18 145 +8 Nil -30

86 76 21.9 180 16.7 27 260 +17 Brittle Brittle

Hydrogenated NBR (HNBR)

Rating:1 Best; 7 Worst

Timing belts (automotive) ozone resistance, flexing

Power steering rotary shaft seals

HNBRLow Compound Example Compression SetUsing HNBR Seal Thermax

Carboxylated NBR (XNBR)

NBR/PVC Blend Example Using Thermax

Properties of Polychloroprene (CR)

Applications of Polychloroprene Common applications of polychloroprene rubber are:

Timing belts tack and fire resistance

Bridge bearing pads good dynamic properties and ozone resistance

Hose (especially covers) good weathering resistance

The Thermax Advantage in Polychloroprene Rubber Compounds

Thermax will not degrade the inherently mechanical properties of polychloroprene

Polychloroprene Compound Example Using Thermax

VF2 Vinylidine Fluoride

Applications of Fluoroelastomers Common applications of Fluoroelastomers are:

The higher loading ability of impermeability of the compound

The best choice for fuel line hose veneer

FKM Compound Example Using Thermax

Thermax N990 Press cure 10@177C+Post cure 24hrs@260C

Tensile Strength (psi) Elongation at Break (%)

- Method B (0.139 O rings) 70 hrs/200C

Ethylene Propylene Diene Rubber (EPDM)

CH2 = CH2 Ethylene