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Conditional Sentences Type III

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DEFINITION
The third conditional (also called conditional type 3) is a structure used for talking about unreal situations in the past. This page will explain how the third conditional is formed, and when to use it. We use the conditional sentence type III to describe something which could have happened in the past but didnt. Usually it is used to express regret. It is impossible to fulfil a conditionwhich is given in the if-clause.

Thestructureofathirdconditional sentence
Like the other conditionals, a third conditional sentence consists of two clauses, an "if" clause and a main clause:

ifclause

mainclause

explanation I failed the exam, because I didn't study hard enough.

IfIhad Iwouldhave studied passedthe harder, exam.

 If the "if" clause comes first, a comma is usually used. If the "if" clause comes second, there is no need for a comma:

mainclause

ifclause

Iprobablywouldhave ifIhadstudied passedtheexam We use different verb forms in each part of a harder. third
conditional:

ifclause

if+subject+pastperfectverb*

main subject+would (OR could, OR *The past perfect is might) formed with the auxiliary verb "had", clause have +pastparticiple
and the past participle (or third form) of the verb.

 Note also that third conditional forms can be contracted:

Full form Contracted form

IfIhadstudiedharder,Iprobably wouldhavepassedtheexam. IfI'dstudiedharder,Iprobably would'vepassedtheexam.

Usingthethirdconditional
The third conditional is used to talk about things which DID NOT HAPPEN in the past. If your native language does not have a similar construction, you may find this a little strange, but it can be very useful. It is often used to express criticism or regret:

Example Ifyouhaddrivenmore carefully,youwould nothavehadan accident. Ifwehadplayedalittle better,wecouldhave wonthegame. Ifyouhadsavedyour money,youcouldhave boughtacomputer.

Explanation Criticism:You had an accident because you didn't drive carefully enough. Regret:We didn't play well, so we lost the game. Criticism:You didn't save your money, so now you can't afford a computer.

Ifithadsnowed,wecould Regret:It didn't snow, so we havegoneskiing. couldn't go skiing.

 REMEMBER!!! Weusethistypeofconditionaltoexpresspast actionswhichwecan'tchangeanymoreandoften regretthis. Itisformedby: 1.anIF-CLAUSE(thecondition)+subject+PAST PERFECT(had + past participle) 2.aMAINCLAUSE(theresult)+subject+ PERFECTCONDITIONAL(would have + past participle) The negative is formed by adding "not" to the auxiliary verb! EXAMPLE I didn't have enough money. I just bought a sandwich. But if I had had more money, I wouldn't have just bought a sandwich

Form
if clause main clause would + have + past participle or could + have + past participle or might + have + past participle

Past Perfect

Examples
Iwould have passedthe IfIhad studied, exams. Icould have passedthe IfIhad studied, exams. Imight have passedthe IfIhad studied, exams.

Theif-clausecanbeatthebeginningor attheendofthesentence.
IfIhad studied, Iwould have passedtheexams. Iwould have passed the ifIhad studied. exams

 Perfectconditionalform The perfect conditional of any verb is composed of two elements: would + the perfect infinitive of the main verb (= have + past participle):

Subject He They Affirmative I Negative She Interrogative Would Interrogative negative Wouldnt

would would would would wouldnt you he

perfect infinitive havegone havestayed havebelieved havegiven haveleft? havebeen?

Example: to go, Past conditional

Affirmative Iwouldhavegone Youwouldhave gone He wouldhave gone Wewouldhave gone Youwouldhave gone Theywouldhave gone Negative Interrogative

Iwouldnthavegone WouldIhavegone? Youwouldnthave gone Shewouldnthave gone Wewouldnthave gone Youwouldnthave gone Theywouldnthave gone Wouldyouhave gone? Wouldithavegone? Wouldwehave gone? Wouldyouhave gone? Wouldtheyhave gone?

 In these sentences, the time is past, and the situation is contrary to reality. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. Type 3 conditional sentences, are truly hypothetical or unreal, because it is now too late for the condition or its result to exist. There is always an unspoken but phrase: If I had worked harder I would have passed the exam (but I didnt work hard, and I didnt pass the exam). If Id known you were coming Id have baked a cake (but I didnt know, and I havent baked a cake).

 NOTE: Both would and had can be contracted to d, which can be confusing. Remember that you NEVER use would in the IF-clause, so in the example above, If Id known must be If I had known, and Id have baked must be I would have baked.. Examples: a. If Id known you were in hospital, I would have visited you. b. I would have bought you a present if Id known it was your birthday. c. If theyd had a better goalkeeper they wouldnt have lost the game. d. If you had told me you were on the Internet, Id have sentyou an e-mail. e. Would you have bought an elephant if youd known how much they eat?

EXERCISES
1) If he (to come) earlier, he (to meet)Tina. If he hadcame earlier, he wouldhavemet Tina. 2) The water in the pool (to be) warmer if the sun (to shine) more often. The water in the pool wouldhavebeen warmer if the sun hadshone more often. 3) If Betty (to write) more applications, she (to get) an apprenticeship. If Betty had written more application, she would have got an apprenticeship. 4) If I (to see) you, I (to talk) to you. If I had seen you.I would have talked to you. 5) We (to given) the man the documents if we (to know) him. We would have given the man the documents if we had known him 6) If you (to phone) me, I (to record)the show. If you had phoned me, I would have recorded the show 7) They (to understand) the film if they (to read) the book. They would have understanded the film if they would have read the book. 8) If the car (to turn) left, the old lady (to cross) the street. If the car had turned left, the old lady would have crossed the street. 9) If she (to realize) the red traffic light, she (to stop). If she had realized the red traffic light, she would have stopped. 10) The boys (to win) the match if they (to train) regularly. The boys would have won the match if they had trained regularly.

 11) If it (to be) warmer, we (to go)swimming. 12) My parents (to buy) this house if the man (not/to sell) it to someone else. 13) If he (not/to fail) his driving test, his parents (to lend) him their car. 14) If my uncle (to tell) me the way to his office, I (not/to arrive) so late. 15) She (to be) at the airport if she (to read) the message carefully. 16) Lucy (not/to hurt) her foot if she (not/to drop) the old box. 17) If you (to use) a sharp knife, you (not/to cut) yourself. 18) If Victoria (to celebrate) her birthday at home, I (to bring) her some flowers. 19) We (to take) the train to Edinburgh if it (to run) on time. 20) If Max (not/to forget) my schoolbag, he (to give) you your USB flash drive.

21) If you (study) for the test, you (pass) it. 22) If you (ask) me, I (help) you. 23) If we (go) to the cinema, we (see) my friend Jacob. 24) If you (speak) English, she (understand) . 25) If they (listen) to me, we (be) home earlier. 26) I (write) you a postcard if I (have) your address. 27) If I (not / break) my leg, I (take part) in the contest. 28) If it (not/ start) to rain, we (walk) to the museum. 29) We (swim) in the sea if there (not / be) so many sharks there. 30) If she (take) the bus, she (not / arrive) on time.

ANSWERS
1) If he hadcome earlier, he wouldhavemet Tina. 2) The water in the pool wouldhavebeen warmer if the sun hadshone more often. 3) If Betty hadwritten more applications, she wouldhave got an apprenticeship. 4) If I hadseen you, I wouldhavetalked to you. 5) We wouldhavegiven the man the documents if we had known him. 6) If you hadphoned me, I wouldhaverecorded the show. 7) They wouldhaveunderstood the film if they hadread the book. 8) If the car hadturned left, the old lady wouldhave crossed the street. 9) If she hadrealized the red traffic light, she wouldhave stopped. 10) The boys wouldhavewon the match if they had trained regularly.

 11) If it hadbeen warmer, we wouldhavegone swimming. 12) My parents wouldhavebought this house if the man hadnotsold it to someone else. 13) If he hadnotfailed his driving test, his parents would havelent him their car. 14) If my uncle hadtold me the way to his office, I would nothavearrived so late. 15) She wouldhavebeen at the airport if she hadread the message carefully. 16) Lucy wouldnothavehurt her foot if she hadnot dropped the old box. 17) If you hadused a sharp knife, you wouldnothave cut yourself. 18) If Victoria hadcelebrated her birthday at home, I would havebrought her some flowers. 19) We wouldhavetaken the train to Edinburgh if it had run on time. 20) If Max hadnotforgotten my schoolbag, he would havegiven you your USB flash drive.

21) If you had studied for the test, you would have passed it. 22) If you had asked me, I would have helped you. 23) If we had gone to the cinema, we would have seen my friend Jacob. 24) If you had spoken English, she would have understood. 25) If they had listened to me, we would have been home earlier. 26) I would have written you a postcard if I had had your address. 27) If I had not broken my leg, I would have taken part in the contest. 28) If it had not started to rain, we would have walked to the museum. 29) We would have swum in the sea if there had not been so many sharks there. 30) If she had taken the bus, she would not have arrived on time.