Learning Outcome: 1. Understand the definition of polynomials 2. Add and subtract polynomials 3. Multiply polynomial 4.

Use special products rule in polynomial multiplication 5. Use long division to divide polynomial 6. Solve the quadratic equations with Factorization Method, Completing the Square and Quadratic Formula

Definition
A polynomial is a single term or the sum of two or more

terms containing variables with whole number exponents. A polynomial in the variable x is an algebraic expression of the form: anxn + an-1xn-1+a1x + a0x0 where an 0; n is a nonnegative integer and coefficients a0, a1, a2 an are constant polynomial. x represents a real number. Rules: Variables should have only nonnegative and nonfraction integral exponents and no variable is denominator

Classifying Polynomials
Monomial a polynomial with exactly one term
Binomial a polynomial that has two terms Trinomial a polynomial with three terms

Example 1

is a polynomial. is not a polynomial because the second term involves the division by the variable of x . is not a polynomial because the third term contains an exponent which is not an nonnegative integer.

Exercise 1
Determine whether the following statement is a polynomial or not.
I.

II.
III. IV.

V.

x2 + x1/2 + 9 x3 4x2 + x-2 + 6x + 4 4x4 + 2x + 7 20x3

Standard form and degree

A polynomials is in standard form if its terms are

arranged so that the powers of the variables are in descending or ascending order

anxn + an-1xn-1+a1x + a0 a0 + a1x + an-1xn-1 + anxn

Degree of a polynomial equation is referred to the largest

power of the variable.

Exercise 2
Polynomial x3 - 3x + 12 x10 - x20 8x 32 + x6 7x4 Degree Standard Form

Adding and Subtracting

Polynomials are added and subtracted by combining like

terms (ax + b) + (cx + d) = (a + c)x + (b + d) Following is the steps of solving the addition and subtraction of polynomials 1. Rearrange like terms in the polynomials. 2. Add or subtract the like terms.

Example 2

Example 3

Exercise 3
Solve the following problems, then write the

resulting polynomial in standard form.

1. (-6x3 + 5x2 - 8x + 9) + (17x3 + 2x2 - 4x -13)

2. (5x2 + 7x - 9) - (3x3 - 8) - (-x2 - 6x + 3)

3. (5x4 - 5x) + (8x - 7) - (2x2 - 3x - 9) 4. (6x4 + 2x) - (3x + 3x4)

5. (x3 - 2x2 + 3x + 4) + (5 + 6x - 7x2 - 8x3)

Multiplication of Polynomial
In multiplication of polynomials, use the distributive

property to multiply each term by term, combine the like terms and write the result in simplest form. E.g: ax(bx + c) = ax(bx) + ax(c)
If the multiplication operation involves the exponent

functions, we have to add the powers of the polynomial for multiplication. E.g: (ax2)bx5 = (ab)x2+5 = abx7

Multiplication of Polynomial
Use the distributive property to multiply the trinomial

by each term of the binomial. Multiply the monomials, then combine like terms. (ax2 - bx + c)(dx - e) = dx(ax2 - bx + c) - e(ax2 - bx + c) = adx3 - bdx2 + dcx - aex2 + bex - ce = adx3 + (- bd - ae)x2 + (dc+be)x - ce

Example 4
Find the product of the following problem

Solution:

Special Product Rules

Certain types of products are important to deserve special

attention. These are stated in the following list of special product rules. Each of them can be verified by direct multiplication. Square of Binomial: (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 Binomial Sum (a - b)2 = a2 2ab +b2 Binomial Difference Sum and Difference of Two Squares: (a - b)(a + b) = a2 b2 Cube of Binomial: (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3 (a - b)3 = a3 3a2b + 3ab2 b3

Exercise 4
Find each product 1. (x + 4y)(3x - 5y) 2. (5x + 3y)2 3. (x + 1)(x2 - x +1) 4. (3x + 4)3 5. (2x + 4)(5x2 - 1) 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. (x - 1)(x - 3) (2x)(x2 + 2x - 5) (6x + 5)(7x - 2)2 (5x - 3)3 (9x + 2y)(9x - 2y)

Division of Polynomials
Polynomials division is one of the basic tools needed in the study of the theory of polynomials. This subtopic will reviews on long division polynomials. Long Division of Polynomials In order to perform the long division operation, the degree of polynomials should be checked to be arranged in descending order.

Example 5
Divide

by
Dividend Remainder quotient Divisor Divisor

and then write in the forms

Divisor

Solution
Quotient Dividend

2y - 3 4y2 - 3y + 2 ) 8y3 - 18y2 + 11y - 6 - (8y3 - 6y2 + 4y) -12y2 + 7y - 6 -(-12y2 + 9y - 6)

-2y

Remainder

So,
8 y 3 18 y 2 11y 6 2y 2y 3 2 2 4 y 3y 2 4 y 3y 2

Exercise 5
Find the Quotient and Remainder of the following: 1. (x5 + 4x2 + 2x4 - 5x - 3x3 + 2) (x 1 ) 2. (2x3 3x2 + 4x 5) (x 2) 3. (3x3 x + 8 4x2 ) (4 + x ) 4. (x5 + 10x2 + 4x3 7x4 x 5 ) (x 1) 5. (4x3 3 9x2 8x ) (x 3) 6. (x3 4x + 8 2x2 ) (2 + x)

Quadratic Polynomial
2 An expression of the form ax bx c , where a, b and c

are constants with a 0 , is called a quadratic expression. An equation of the form ax 2 bx c 0 , where a, b and c are constants with a 0 , is called a quadratic equation. Quadratic equations can be solved by three methods, namely, a) Factorization b) Completing the square c) Quadratic formula

Factorization
ax 2 bx xax b

Example: Solve the quadratic equations below by using factorization method. 2 x 2 5x 0 Solution:

x2 x 5 0 x =0 ; 2x + 5 = 0 5 x =

2 x 2 5x 0

If ax bx c mx p nx q
2

Factorization
2

mx

nx p

mnx mqx npx pq mnx2 mq np x pq

nx

q pq

mx q

Note: If c is positive, then p and q must both have the same sign. If c is negative, then p and q have opposite signs. We know that a = mn, b = np + mq and c = pq a) If a > 0 (positive) and c > 0 (positive), i) when b > 0 (positive), then p and q are positive, ii) when b < 0 (negative), then p and q are negative.
Continue to next slide

mnx

(np + mq)x

Factorization
b) If a > 0 (positive) and b and c have opposite signs, then p and q are also of opposite signs because m and n are positive.
ax 2 bx c mnx 2 mq np x pq

If mq np , then

i) if b is positive, q is positive, ii) if b is negative, q is negative. If np mq , then i) if b is positive, q is negative, ii) if b is negative, q is positive.

Continue to next slide

Example 6
Solve the quadratic equations below by using factorization

method. a) 3x 2 4 x 4 0 c) 4 x 2 16 0 Solution: a) 3x 2 4 x 4 0

2 b) 6 x 19x 10 0

3x 2x 2 0
3x + 2 = 0 x=2
3

3x
x

+2

-2 -4

+2x -6x
-4x

or

x 2 =0 x=2

3x 2

Example 7
b) 6 x 2 19x 10 0 3x 22 x 5 0 -3x + 2 = 0 or 2x 5 =0 x= 2 x=5
3 2

-3x

+2

+4x

2x

-5

+15x

6x2

-10 19x

Example 8
c)
4 x 2 16 0

2 x 42 x 4 0
2x+ 4 = 0 or x = 2 2x - 4 =0 x= 2

2x

+4

+8x

2x

-4

-8x

4x2

-10 0

Alternate method: 4 x 2 16 0 4 x 2 16
x2 4 x 4 x 2

Note
If u is an algebraic expression and d is a positive real number, u2 = d has exactly two solutions If u2 = d, then u = d or u = - d Equivalently, If u2 = d, then u = d E.g. 1: 5x2 = 20 20 x2 = 5 x= 4 x=2 E.g. 2: (x - 2)2 6 = 0 (x - 2)2 = 6 x2= 6 x=2 6

Completing the Square

2 Converting a quadratic polynomial p( x) ax bx c to

b , which is the If x2 + bx is a binomial, then by adding 2

2 p ( x ) a ( x p ) q. the form of

square of half the coefficient of x, a perfect square trinomial will result. That is, 2 2

b b bx 2 x 2

Note: If u 2 d , then u d

Example 9
2 Solve x 6 x 3 0 by using completing the square.

Solution:

x2 6x 3 0 x2 6x 3 2 2 6 6 2 x 6x 3 2 2

x 6 x 3 3 3
2 2

x 3

12

x 3 12
x 3 2 3

Example 10
Solve 3x 2 2 x 3 0 by using completing the square.

Solution:

3x 2 2 x 3 0
3 2 2 3 x x 0 3 3 2 2 x x 1 0 3

2 2 2 2 x x 3 1 3 3 2 2

2 x x 1 3
2

2 1 1 x x 1 3 3 3
2

Continue at next slide

Example 10 (cont.)
1 10 x 3 9 1 10 x 3 9 1 10 x 3 9
1 10 x 3 3 1 10 x 3
2

Quadratic formula
For any quadratic equations ax2 bx c 0, the roots are

given by
b b 2 4ac x 2a

Example 11
Solve x 2 7 x 12 0 by using quadratic formula.

Solution: From the equation, we know, a = 1, b = -7 and c = 12 Then,

x 7

7 21

4112

7 1 x 2 x4

or

7 1 x 2 x3

7 49 48 x 2 7 1 x 2

Example 12
Solve 4 x 2 12 x 7 0 by using quadratic formula.

Solution: From the equation, we know, a = 4, b = 12 and c = 7 Then,

x 12

122 447 24

12 144 112 x 8 12 32 x 8

12 16 2 x 8 12 16 2 x 8 12 4 2 x 8

12 4 2 12 4 2 x x or 8 8 3 2 3 2 x x 2 2

Exercise 6
Solve the following equations a. 2 x 2 9 0 b. 3 x 7 2 4 0
1.

2. a) b) c) d)

12 x 4 x 2 9

x2 x 2 0 3x 2 5 x 2 0 x2 9x 0

Solve the equations by using the factorization method.

3. Solve the equations by completing the square, giving the solutions in surd form. a) x 2 5x 6 0 b) 5x 2 3x 6 0 c) 2 x 2 x 1 0

Exercise 6 (cont.)
3. Solve the equations by using quadratic formula.

a) b) c) d)

9x2 6x 1 0 x2 4x 8 0 2x2 6x 9 0 5x 2 2 x 4 0