A STUDY OF INTEGRATED DISEASE MANAGEMENT IN RICE

Submitted by Mr. PANKAJ B. DHAMGAYE MBA IV Semester Under the guidance Prof. MAYUR TRIVEDI SIR

INTRODUCTION:
India is an Agriculture based country. Where in, seventy percent of the population depends on Agriculture. Rice is an important crop worldwide and over half of the world population relies on it for food. Plant Diseases are caused by Bacteria, Fungi, Virus and Other sources. Disease can affect the yields through reduction of photosynthetic area in early stages and late infestations around booting stage. When pests and diseases affect the crops, there will be a tremendous decrease in production. In most of the cases pests or diseases are seen on the leaves or stems of the plant. Sustainable farming of rice depends on many factors including effective and timely pest management to protect the crop.

DISEASE SYMPTOMS

Discoloration : EX: - Yellowing, browning, blackening, silvering and chlorosis. These symptoms are usually more in shoots, buds, and fruits, less in stem and roots.

Spots and short holes:

Spots generally occur in leaves but sometimes also on stems, leaf sheath, petioles, calyx and fruits. Scorch: Sometimes it misleads to toxic effects of foliar sprays of pesticides resulting death of tissue.

FACTORS INFLUENCING DISEASE SYMPTOMS

Host parasite relation The intensity of the disease depends upon the susceptibility / Resistance of the host to the pathogen. Environmental factors Can be grouped as Soil borne, Seed borne and Air borne. Soil borne Soil pH, Structure, Texture Moisture, Organic matter, fertility, cultural operations, Irrigation. Seed borne Seed Moisture, storage environment. Air borne Temperature and Rainfall Wind.

OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
To understand the causal organisms of various diseases in rice. To have knowledge of the predisposition factors causing the diseases. To understand the lifecycle of rice organisms.

To gain knowledge on management of rice diseases bas upon IDM concept.

To differentiate symptoms of diseases and nutrient deficiencies. To internalize the corrective measures to be undertaken in nutrient deficient soil.

DISEASES OF RICE
BLAST: Pyricularia grisea

LEAF

BLAST

NECK BLAST

Non Chemical Control:

(1) Avoid using high doses of nitrogenous manures/ fertilizers. (2) Maintain rice fields free from weeds which give shelter to many pathogens
Chemical Control: (1) Treat seeds with captan / thiram / Vitavax power @ 2g or carbendazim @ 1.5g/kg seed.

BROWN SPOT: Bipolaris oryzae

Non Chemical Control: (1) Destroy crop residues and stubbles of previous crop. (2) Avoid using high doses of nitrogenous manures/ fertilizers. (3) Emphasis should be given on phosphorous availability to rice crop because, the brown spot disease incidence is more in P deficient soils.

Chemical Control:
(1) Treat seeds with captan / thiram / Vitavax power @ 2g or carbendazim @ 1.5g/kg seed. (2) Spray the seedlings as well as transplanted crop with mancozeb/copper oxychloride @ 1250g/ha or carbendazim/ contaf @ 500g/ha.

BACTERIAL LEAF BLIGHT (BLB): Xanthomonas campestris pv. Oryzae

Non Chemical Control:

(1)Apply potassic fertilizer in two split doses at tillering and pre-flowering stages. (2) Use fresh cow dung slurry @ 2kg/10 litres of water, strain it in fine cloth and spray at an interval of 7-10 days 3-4 times for BLB control @ 500 litres/ha.
Chemical Control: (1) Soak the seeds with a solution of plantomycin 10g/streptocyclin 1.5g and copper oxychloride 25g in 10 litres of water. (2) Spray the affected crop with the same chemicals @ 500 litres /ha at 7-10 days intervals 2-3 times on need basis

FALSE SMUT: Ustilaginoidea virens

Non Chemical Control: (1) Grow resistant/tolerant varieties viz., Bala, Cauveri, Sabarmati, Prakash, Pankaj, Shakti, Vijaya, Mashuri. (2) Destroy crop residues and weeds. Chemical Control: (1) Treat the seeds with thiram @ 3g or carbendazim @ 1.5g or vitavax power @ 2 g/ kg seed before nursery sowing. (2) Spray at boot leaf stage twice at 7 days interval with copper oxychloride @ 1 kg/ha in 500 litres of water.

UDBATTA DISEA SE: Ephelis oryzae

Non Chemical Control: (1) Treat seeds for 10 minutes in hot water at 54oC before sowing in nursery. (2) Do not collect seeds from affected fields. (3) Sun dryseeds during summer months for 5 days. (4) Sow seeds early to reduce incidence of the disease. Chemical Control: (1) Treat the seeds with benlate @ 2.5g or vitavax power @ 2g/ kg.

WHITE TIP NEMATODE: Aphelenchoides besseyi

Non Chemical Control: (1) Hot water treatment of seeds at 52oC for ten minutes after pre soaking, for six hours kills the white tip nematodes. (2) Sun drying of seeds for six hours for consecutive four days in April-May also kills white tip nematode remaining in the seed. (3) Keep the rice fields free from weeds. Chemical Control: As suggested in case of root knot nematode.

FEW METHOD USED FOR DISEASE & PEST CONTROL

PANCHAGAVYA

MATKA KHAD
MEDICINAL MATKA KHAD BRAHMASTRA

Table 1: Spray schedule of fungicides to few diseases

Sl.No. 1

Crop growth stages Seedling stage

No.of spraying 1

Remarks At 21 days after transplating for controlling leaf infections. At 23 and 35 days after transplating for early varieties and 25,35 and 45 days after transplating for late varieties to control disease in leaves. First spraying before flowering followed by another spray 5 days later to control neck infection.

Tillering stage

2 or 3

Earhead emergence

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION

Selection of sample size Field visit from farmer SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION books, journals and agriculture magazines internet

DATA ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION

DISEASE
Blast Bacterial Leaf Blight

KHARIF
Y Y

RABI
Y N

Leaf Blight
Brown Spot Bacterial Leaf Streak Narrow Brown Spot

Y
Y Y Y

Y
Y N N

Red Strip
Sheath Blight

Y
Y

Y
Y

Diseases appearance in the rice field in different seasons in the year Analysis: From the table above it is seen that the rice crop suffers mainly in Rabi Seasons, and Kharif seasons also affects from the diesease. Interpretation: From the table, it can be interpretated that the rice crop mainly suffers in Kharif Seasons.

2- Diseases in different Rice variety.

6 5 4

BLAST
3 2 1 0 HMT 1010 1001 JAY SRHI RAM BROWN SPOT SHEAT ROT

Analysis:
From the graph it can be interpretated that the HMT variety of rice suffers mostly from Blast disease, Where as 1010 variety of rice suffers mostly from Brown Spot disease, and 1001 variety of rice suffers from Blast disease and Jay Shri Ram variety of rice suffers from Sheath Rot disease.

Interpretation:
From the graph it can be shown that the Rice mostly suffer from Blast disease

3- Diseases in different stages of Rice

Diseases
Sowing Blast Bacterial Blight Leaf Blight Brown Spot Bacterial Leaf Streak Narrow Brown Spot Red Strip
N N N N N N N

Stages
Transplanting
N N N Y N N N

Flowering
N Y Y Y Y Y Y

Maturity
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Harvesting
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Analysis:
From the table above it is seen that the rice crop suffers from disease in Sowing, Transplanting, Flowering, Maturity and Maturity Stages. Interpretation: From the table, it can be interpretated that the rice crop mainly suffers in Flowering, Maturity and Harvesting Stages.

CONCLUSION Blast is the measure disease to affect the rice crorp. The disease is more severe in kharif season. Primary infection is through soil borne inoculums. Blast it occurs during both kharif and rabi season. Land preparation and method of planting were the only contributing factors of BLB infection, however, taken jointly the six (6) variables form a very significant set of predictors for BLB of rice.

The rice pest and disease occurrence and damage on rice crop seasonally differed.
Red stripe and leaf folder became serious in Kharif season, while thrips, sheath blight and bacterial blight in Rabi and Kharif seasons.

SUGGESTIONS
The farmers should use SHREE PADDHATI for growing rice. As it increases the yield of the crops. The farmers should change the variety of rice crop every two years . Farmers should less use organic manure as it decreases the quality of soil and make it unfit for growing crops. Farmers should approach experts to seek their advice regarding the treatment of incidence of pest and diseases to their crops and suggestions for control. The farmers should timely call to the Kisaan Call Centre regarding their problems if any. They should timely visit to the Krushi Kendra and also visit to the R&D Officer regarding any of the problems. . The farmers should see the programmes specially run for farmers by the Government like AMCHI MATI AMCHI MANASA at SAHYADRI channel.