Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
June 2013
Dr Jitendra Patel Eng.D, C.Eng IMechE, AWeldI, MBA
Director International Metallurgy Ltd (UK) Consultant CBMM Technology Suisse SA (Switzerland)
Strength limit state SAFTEY of the structure Serviceability limit state Occupancy performance (i.e. deflection / vibration) Extremely rare actions Prevention of collapse
Connections
S460N 400
200 0 N and N-rolled 1945 1955 1965 S355J2 S355N Q+T
S460M
S355M TMCP
S500M
1975
1985
1995
2005
Year
INNOVATE RESPECT COMPETE
S460N 400
200 0 N and N-rolled 1945 1955 1965 S355J2 S355N Q+T
S460M
S355M TMCP
1975
1985
1995
2005
Year
INNOVATE RESPECT COMPETE
600 550
Normalised TM-rolled
500
450
400
350 300 250 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45
Zone I: carbon < 0.11%, lattice distortion and hardness is relatively low, minimal precautions needed. Zone II: higher hardenability, need to control the welding procedure (preheats and heat input) to ensure HV<350. If [H] < 5 ppm, we may tolerate up to HV <450. Zone III: Strict procedure control and post-weld heat treatment needed. Try to diffuse the [H] away, stress relieve the weld, and temper the phases.
Value adding: Increases strength + improves toughness Allows for better weldability Cost effective alloying element for steelmakers.
INNOVATE RESPECT COMPETE
S355 N
S355 TM
S460 N
S460 QT
S460 TM + ACC
C 0.15 0.07 0.15 0.10 0.07 Si 0.40 0.30 0.40 0.35 0.25 Mn 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.45 1.55 P 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.012 S 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 Al 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 N 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 Ti 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 V none none 0.12 none 0.04 Nb 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 Cu none none 0.60 0.30 none Ni none none 0.60 0.60 0.25 Mo none none none 0.25 none CEq 0.40 0.31 0.50 0.45 0.36 (N = normalised, TM = thermomechanically rolled, QT = quenched plus tempered, TM + ACC = thermomechanically rolled plus accelerated cooled)
INNOVATE RESPECT COMPETE
= Reduced Thickness
Reduced Welds
Reduced Welds
Source: Dillinger
Source: Dillinger
Source: Dillinger
Steel amount: 7,000t Grades: Q345C Q345GJD Q420GJD Q460GJE Plate thickness: 16-36m
INNOVATE RESPECT COMPETE
Commercial advantages
In 2008 the hotel chain Travelodge opened its first hotel built from modified high strength steel shipping containers! Estimated to cut 10% from the cost of each build, and improve construction speed by 25%. 86 High strength steel containers Annual saving of 10m 120 rooms fitted in Shenzen, China Construction time = 20 days
Nb-bearing hot rolled and cold rolled strip steels (Galv). Typical applications include composite floor deck, purlins etc.
EN10326 S350GD, S390GD and S450GD grades tend to be Nballoyed Hot Dip Zinc Coated (275g/m2 both sides) 1.2 to 3mm in thickness Up to 350mm in section length and 90mm flange width Up to 18m in length.
The trend is to higher strengths and longer spans to further increase the value in use.
High strength-to-weight ratios minimises the sub-structure costs. Reduced weight of materials required and resultant reduced transportation/handling costs. Allows pre-fabrication of components away from construction site. Light weight enables erection of larger sections. Recyclable.
Quality
Availability
Fabrication
Price
For further information, discussion and questions do not hesitate to contact me.
Dr Jitendra Patel International Metallurgy Ltd Mail: jp@imetallurgy.co.uk Tel: +91 9870 955 508