Satellite & Cellular Radio Project of

Satellite Communication for the Martian Colonies

Sanaz Roshanmanaesh Mohammad shabash Mohammad Abbas Zein Jaber Mahyar Alzobaidy Caglar Sekman

Supervisors:

Dr. Peter Gardner Dr. Costas Constantinou

March 2011

Satellite constellation

2 orbits each consist of 6 satellites MMO Astra 2C taken as a model for the spacecraft Orbit altitude of 5000 Kilometres

Satellite constellation

A combination of 20 beams in each satellite 3dB beamwidth of 5 degrees per beam One complete orbit in 6.49 hours Each satellite covers area of approximately 15.2 Million square Km

Outline
Introduction Satellite Transponder
* HTS BPF * Antenna * LNA & HPA

Ground station outline design

* * * * BPF Antenna LNA & HPA Duplexer
Satellite & RF Radio

Introduction
Frequencies:
Uplink Ground Station-Satellite 5500 ~ 6000 MHz Downlink Satellite- Ground Station 4000 ~ 4500 MHz

* Beacon Frequency: 5000MHz

Satellite & RF Radio

Satellite Transponder
A receiver-transmitter that will generate a reply signal upon proper electronic interrogation Total block diagram of designed satellite transponder
6 GHz 4 GHz Amp2 HPA Equaliser D/C
Frequency DMUX

BPF
Frequency MUX

6 GHz

LNA

Amp1

4GHz

HTS BPF

Satellite & RF Radio

Antenna of Transponder
Reflector Antenna Two separated antenna Circular polarization

Satellite & RF Radio

Antenna of Transponder
Rx Antenna (6GHz)
* Diameter 0.8m. Aperture Efficiency 0.7, radiation efficiency 0.9. Physical temperature 50 K. * Gain 33dBi, Beam Width : 3.5 degree

Tx Antenna (4GHz)
* Diameter 0.9m. Aperture Efficiency 0.7, radiation efficiency 0.9. Physical temperature 50 K. * Gain 30dBi, Beam Width : 5 degree

Satellite & RF Radio

HTS filter
Expensive but economical because of Two important properties:
* Low Insertion Loss * Small size and weight

Low temperature in out of Mars atmospher Lead to small noise figure in receiver Insertion Loss=0.5 dB
Satellite & RF Radio

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LNA & HPA of Transponder

LNA
* * * * Noise figure=1.5dB Gain=20dB Amp1 (NF=3dB, Gain=40 dB) Total NF of receiver=2.0135

HPA
* 10 Watt, SSPA (Solid State Power Amplifier) * Saturated output power 13dBW=43dBm
3dB back-off

* Gain 30 dB & Efficiency: 38% * GaN HFETs Technology

Satellite & RF Radio

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Outline of Ground Stations

Transceiver Configuration (Using one antenna)
* Utilizing Waveguide Duplexer
Insertion Loss @ 4GHz: 1dB Insertion Loss @ 6GHz: 1.2dB

BPF
* Waveguide filters
Insertion loss=1dB

4 GHz Ant. Duplexer BPF LNA Amp1 D/C IF Processing Amp2 U/C

Amp1: Gain: 40dB Amp1: Gain: 30dB

BPF HPA 6 GHz

Satellite & RF Radio

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Antenna of Ground Station

Using a common antenna for transmitting & receiving
* since the ratio of the U/L to the D/L frequencies is no more than 1.5 * Reflector Antenna, Helical feed, Circular polarization * Diameter 2m. Aperture Efficiency 0.7, radiation efficiency 0.9. Physical temperature 50 K

Rx Mode (4GHz)
* Gain 37dBi, Beam Width : 2.5 degree

Tx Mode (6GHz)
* Gain 40dBi, Beam Width : 1.8 degree
Satellite & RF Radio

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LNA & HPA of Ground Station

LNA
* * * * Noise figure=1.5dB Gain=20dB Amp1 (NF=3dB, Gain=40 dB) Total NF of receiver=2.5135

HPA
* 100 Watt, TWTA (Travelling Wave Tube Amplifier) * Saturated output power 23dBW=53dBm
3dB back-off

* Gain 40 dB
Satellite & RF Radio

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Down/Up Converter
* * * * * Conversion Loss of Mixer: 4dB Insertion Loss of filter: 2dB Total Loss of Converter: 6dB Noise temperature: 3000K A synthesizer with suitable frequency steps should be used as a local oscillator * DMUX and Equaliser loss: 12 dB (Physical temp. 50 K)
BPF 4000~4500 MHz Local Oscillator
Satellite & RF Radio

5500~6000 MHz

BPF 5500~6000 MHz Local Oscillator

4000~4500 MHz

Link Budget Calculation

Receiver

Power EIRP calculation Gain and losses calculation

Receiver figure of merit M = Gr/Ts (dB/K)

Noise at receiver Antenna noise (Tant) Active device noise Thermal noise

09/08/2013

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Link budget
Losses Atmospheric attenuation will be neglected because Mars is dominated by C O2 and N2. It is found that the attenuation values due to oxygen at Mars ar e reduced by a factor of 14,000 relative to Earth, Such a small attenuation is negligible for telecommunications. This table provide to us the Attenuation around mars for various frequency

Link budget
Since we know that the power at the receiver is defined by the following equation S (dBW) = Pt (dBW) +Gt(dB) +Gr (dB) Lp (dB) Lat (dB) We need first to determine the transmitter power Carrier to noise spectral density ratio is defined by these equations C/N0 (dBHz) = Eb/N0+ 10log10(B) (2) = Pt +Gt Lt + 10log10(Gr/Ts) 10log10(k) (3) Where Pt transmited power , Gt antenna transmited gain Lt is the total losses K is boltzman losses (Gr/Ts) is the figure of merit Eb/N0 is the energy per noise density for modulation B is the bit rate. Since we know the modulation sachem and the bit rate, we can calcuate C/N0 For a QPSK modulation and BER 10-3 of , Eb/N0 = 21dB , where B =45Gb/s. Substitut ing these values in Eq (2) C/N0 = 21 + 101og10 45G = 127.53 (dBHz)

Link budget
In order to calculate (Gr/Ts) , we need to evaluate the noise system temperature Ts. we simplified the receiver architecture as shown below
TA

1/L

GLA

GA

TF

TLA

TAmp

Where L= 0.5 dB , l= 1.122. FGLA=1.5 dB, fgla= 1.413. GLA= 20 dB FGA= 3dB, fGA= 2. GA= 30 dB TF = 210 (1.122-1)=25.62K. TLA=210(1.413-1)=86.73. TAmp=210(2-1)=210. TA= 50 K. Ts= TA + TF + TLA/ (1/L) + TAmp/ (GLA * (1/L)) + ........... Ts = 50 + 25.2 + 96.432 + 2.36 = 173.992 K The results confirms that the major contributors to the system noise temperature are the first two de vices comparing the front end area of the satellite receiver.

Link budget
10log10(Gr/Ts) = 10log10 (3162.278/173.992 ) = 12.6 dB/K Pt = C/N0 - Gt + Lt - 10log10(Gr/Ts) 10log10(k) Where Lt = Lp + Lat Lp = 20 log (4d/) = 176 dB , Lat = 0.45 dB Pt= 127.53 45 + 176.5 12.6 228.6 Pt = 17.83dB , 61 watt N (dBW) = 10log10k (dBW/Hz/K) + 10 log10 (Tant + Te) (dBK) + 10log10B (dB Hz) N = -228.6 + 22.4 + 87 N = - 119.2 dBw

Link budget
4/6 GHz link; satellite antenna = 1m earth antenna = 3m
up link Pt tx power Gt tx ant gain Lp free space loss La atmosph loss Gr rx ant gain Pr rx power T noise temp B bandwidth down link Unit dBW dB dB dB dB dBW K MHz

17.83 45 -176 -0.45 35 -78.62 173.992 500

27 37 -178.5 -0.45 40 -74.96 460.7 500

N noise power
S/N at rx

- 119.2 dBw
40.58

-114.9
39.9

dBW
dB

note up and down link values different due to different frequencies

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Multiple Access Techniques

SDMA

Inflexible, antennas fixed Inflexibility

FDMA

High spectral efficiency & Low PAPR

- Able to provide fixed traffic patterns

CDMA

Complex receivers, Need power

- Unable to perform very well for the future broadband satellite communication services.

OFDM

TDMA
Useful in Broadband & Mobile Satellite Comm.

Guard space needed (multipath propagation), synchronization difficult

Robust against inter symbol interference (ISI) and fading

Power Efficiency or Spectral Efficiency ?

No Bandwidth restrictions Importance: High power efficiency & Low PAPR

Spectral/Bandwidth Efficiency is not important

QPSK (modulation technique) No need for 16-QAM ( less power efficient )

Block diagram of OFDM system

The main drawback of OFDMA scheme: High PAPR Low Power Efficiency.

Block diagram of SC-FDMA/DFT-S OFDM Syste m

DFT- spreading block between the S/P & IFFT blocks Low PAPR High power efficiency

BER & BLER for QPSK

Challenges
Same scheme by both downlink and uplink Complexity & Cost of term inals equipment will be Reduced. Uplink: Increasing Pt compensate for the fading Downlink: Difficult to compensate for the fading by high power. Solution: Employing the efficient coding scheme The link scheme based on the OFDM/TDM technique

frequency & power more efficient

Satellite Electrical Power System

A Satellite has to produce its own power!!
Power Requirements of subsystem on board.

PDCU

Solar Array

Energy Storage System

Payload

Primary Source
Solar Panels
* Gallium Arsenide 3-junction solar cells .
* 2 Solar panels. * Efficiency up to 26 % of the sun energy. * Each panel measures 5.35 2.53m * 3744 individual photovoltaic cells.

* Power produced at 32 v.
* Power produced is 7000watts

Primary Source

Secondary Source
Lithium Ion Cells (Batteries)
Higher energy density than the Nickel-based batteries. Operating voltage is 3.6 to 3.9 v which reduces the number of cells. 65% volume advantage and 50% mass advantage. 150 Kg should be considered. A regulator system that bleeds off the excess power as heat will be used. Used for the night hours (12 per martian day)

Performance and Future

Factors with adverse impact:

variation in Mars-Sun distance Atmos. Scattering and accumulation of mars dust on arrays.

dust accumulation will decrease solar cell performance by 77% after only 2 years.

Approaches:

Array vibrating technique for dust removal. Use RTG or fuel cells as secondary power sources during eclipses. RTG provide more power for less mass but they are much more expensive.

Communications Gateway
Building a publicly accessible gateway on Mars. Gateways should be positioned in deep space so th at information can be passed back and forth. Robust redundancy is required for gateways to ens ure reliable, long term operations. Orbital dynamics could be a problem in the name of position of gateways at solar LaGrange points

Communications Gateway
A proposed system called Interplanetary Internet ( IPN) can be used for deep space communication a nd linked to Earth by satellites. There will be a network between two internets wit h a local gateway. Data rate of minimum 1 Mbps would be enough fo r real time data transfer. Parcel Transfer Protocol (PTP) can be also used if necessary. TCP/IP protocol can be used on both planet.

Technical Challenges
Interactive protocols do not work as the distance is long. Latency or delay may occur. Antennas weight should be small. Low bandwidth.