Structural Terms

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Grade beam
A part of a foundation system which supports the exterior wall of a superstructure Commonly designed as a beam which bears directly on the column footing lowermost spandrel of a building that has no basement

abrasion
a surface discontinuity caused by roughening or scratching

batten
a narrow strip of wood applied to cover a joint along the edges of two parallel boards in the same plane.

blistering
bulges in plaster finish coat resulting from applying finish coat over to damp a base coat

block-out
concrete structures under construction, a space where concrete is not to be placed.

cast iron
an iron alloy usually including carbon and silicon which has high compressive strength but low tensile strength.

kerf
in a suspended acoustical ceiling, a groove cut into the edges of an acoustical tile to receive splines or supporting members of the ceiling suspension system

pantile
a roofing tile which is the shape of an s when laid on its side

marble
a metaphoric rock made up of mostly calcite or dolomite

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extrusion
the process of producing metal shapes of a constant cross section by forcing the hot metal through an orifice in a die by means of a pressure ram

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mission tile
a clay roofing tile, approximately semicylindrical in shape, laid in courses with the units having their convex side alternately up and down

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static equilibrium
a body acted upon by a balanced force system is in equilibrium

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force
is the action of one body upon another

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resultant
is a single force, a couple, or a force and a couple which acting alone produces the same effect as the force system

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principle of transmissibility
states that the external effect of a force on a body acted upon is independent of the point of application of the force but the same for all points along its line of action

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force system
is an arrangement of any two or more forces that act on a body or on a group of related bodies

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free body diagram

a sketch of a body showing the forces exerted by other bodies on the one being considered

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load
is acting parallel to member axis

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stress
in uniform for homogenous sections

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stress due to tension

tends to elongate the body

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stress due to compression

tends to shorten the body

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truss
is an articulated structure composed of lines or bars assumed to be connected by frictionless pin at the joints and arranged so that an area enclosed within the boundaries of the structure is subdivided by the bars into geometric figures which are usually triangles.

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beam and girders

are usually horizontal or nearly horizontal elements carrying a stress primarily due to shear and flexure, they usually carry load directly from the floor.

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determinate structure
is a structure in which the reaction components and internal stress cannot be solved completely using the equation of static equilibrium

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western framing
a system of framing a building on which floor joists of each storey rest on the top plates of the storey below and the bearing walls and partitions rest on the subfloor of each step

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hydrostatic pressure
a pressure exerted against the underground portion of a building created by the presence of water in the soil.

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anchor bolt
a steel bolt usually fixed in building structures with its thread portion projecting

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ledger strip
a narrow piece of lumber nailed to the side of a beam along its bottom edge which carries joist flush with the upper edge of the beam

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batt insulation
a flexible blanket type thermal insulation commonly used between studs or joists in frame construction

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balloon framing
a system of framing a building in which the studs are continuous to the roof supporting the second floor joists

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beam blocking
the boxing in or covering a joist, beam or girder to give the appearance of a larger beam

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100mm
allowable sag (NSCP)

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foundation wall
that part of a building foundation which forms the permanent retaining wall of the structure below grade

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control joints
joints employed to reduce restraint by accommodating movement of masonry walls

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forging
a process where a piece of metal is heated prior to changing its shape or dimension

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wrought iron
a commercially pure iron of fibrous nature, valued for its corrosion resistance and ductility

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degree of indeterminacy
refers to the number of unknowns over and above the equation of static

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purlin
carries the roof load between trusses or rafters

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rafter
usually a sloping beam carrying the reactions of purlins

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lintel
carries the masonry across the opening made by a door or window

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joist
a closely spaced beam supporting the floor of a building

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stringer
similar to a joist, it carries the flooring of a bridge.

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girder
large sized beams usually carrying the floor beams

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spandrel
spans between columns and supports the floor and curtain walls

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shaft
circular beam that transmits power to the machinery it also carries torsion in addition to shear and flexure

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adobe
large roughly molded sun-dried bricks of varying sizes

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concrete
is a mixture of sand and gravel held together in a rock-like mass with a paste of cement and water.

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reinforced concrete
is a combination of concrete and steel wherein the steel reinforcement provides the tensile strength lacking in concrete

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pedestal or short compression blocks

height is less than three times the least dimension

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long or slender column

strength of column is significantly reduced due to slenderness

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short column
failure is initiated by material failure

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bearing wall system

a structural system without a complete vertical load-carrying space frame

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building frame system

a structural system with an essentially complete space frame providing supports for gravity loads

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bridging
the method of stiffening floor construction by fitting solid blocks between joists

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checking
a shallow crack at closely spaced by irregular intervals on the surface of mortar or concrete

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post-tensioning
the stressing of un-bonded tendons after the concrete has cured

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slump test
a ready means of determining the consistency of freshly mixed concrete

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creep
the permanent reformation of a material under a sustained load

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tyrolean finish
rough plaster finish obtained by flinging plaster on a wall with a hand operated machine

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chord
a principal member of a truss which extends from one end to the other primarily to resist bending

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alloy
a composition of two or more metals fused together usually to obtain a desired property

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backset
the horizontal distance from the face of a lock latch to the center of the knob or lock cylinder

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lapseam
a joint formed by overlapping the edges of metal sheet or plated and joining them by riveting, soldering and brizing.

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shear
the tendency for one part of the beam to move vertically with respect to an adjacent part

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deformation
any material change in shape when subjected to the action of a force

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working stress
the maximum value of tension, compression or shear respectively which the material can sustain without failure

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marquee
a permanent roofed structure attached to and supported by the building and projecting over public property

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addition
is an extension or increase on floor area or height of a building structure

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allowable stress design

is a method of proportioning structural elements such that computed stresses produced in the elements by the allowable stress load combinations do not exceed specified allowable stress (also called working stress design)

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alter or alteration
is any change, addition to or modification in construction or occupancy

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approved
as to material and types of construction, refers to approval by the building official as the result of investigation and tests conducted by the building official, or by reason of accepted principles or test by recognized authorities, technical or scientific organizations

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building
is any structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any use or occupancy

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existing building
a building erected prior to the adoption of NSCP, or one for which a legal building permit has been issued

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building official
is the officer or other designated authority charged with the administration and enforcement of this code, or the building officials duly authorized representative

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load and resistance factor design (LRFD) method

is a method of proportioning structural elements using load and resistance factors such that no applicable limit state is reached when the structure is subjected to all appropriate load combinations the term used in the design of steel and wood structures
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strength design or ultimate strength design

is a method of proportioning structural elements such that the computed forces produced in the elements by the factored load combinations do not exceed the factored element strength the term is used in the design of concrete and masonry structures
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structure
is that which is built or constructed, an edifice or a building of any kind, or any piece of work, artificially built up or composed of parts joined together in some definite manner

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structural engineer
is a resigned civil engineer with a special qualification in the practice of structural engineering as recognized by the board of civil engineering of the professional regulation commission

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prefabricated assembly or precast assembly

is a structural unit, the integral parts of which have been built up or assembled prior to incorporating in the building

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bedrock
in-place solid rock

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bench
is a relatively level step excavated into earth material on which fill is to be placed

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borrow
is earth material acquired from an off-site location for use in grading on-site

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compaction
is the densification of fill by mechanical means

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earth material
is any rock, natural soil or fill or any combination thereof

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erosion
is the wearing away of the ground surface as a result of the movement of wind, water or ice

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excavation
is the mechanical removal of earth material

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fill
is a deposit of earth material placed by artificial means

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grade
is the vertical location of the ground surface.

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existing grade
is the grade prior to grading the elevation of the original ground surface before excavation or grading begins also called natural grade

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finish grade
final grade of the site that conforms to the approved plan the elevation of drives, walks, lawns, or other improved surfaces after completion of construction or grading operations

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rough grade
the stage at which the grade approximately conforms to the approved plan

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grading
is any excavating or filling or combination thereof

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slope
is an inclined ground surface the inclination of which is expressed as a ration of vertical distance to horizontal distance

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key
is a designed compacted fill placed in a trench excavated in earth material beneath the toes of a proposed fill slope

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soil
is naturally occurring deposits overlying bedrock

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terrace
is a relatively level step constructed in the face of a graded slope for drainage and maintenance purposes

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access floor system

is an assembly consisting of panels mounted on pedestals to provide an under-floor space for the installation of mechanical, electrical, communications or similar systems or to serve as an air supply or return air plenum

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assembly building
is a building or portion of a building for the gathering together of fifty or more persons for such purposes as deliberation, education, instruction, worship, entertainment, amusement, drinking or dining or awaiting transportation

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awning
is a shelter supported entirely from the exterior wall of the building

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exterior balcony
is an exterior floor system projecting from a structure and supported by that structure with no additional independent supports

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dead loads
consist of the weight of all materials and fixed equipment incorporated into the building or other structure

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deck
is an exterior floor system supported on at least two opposing sides by an adjoining structure and/or posts, piers, or other independent supports

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essential facilities
are buildings and other structures that are intended to remain operational in the event of extreme environmental loading from wind or earthquakes

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garage
is a building or portion thereof in which motor vehicle containing flammable or combustible liquids or gas in its tank is stored, repaired or kept

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private garage
is a building or portion of a building, not more than 90sq.m in area, in which only motor vehicles used by the tenants of the building or building on the premises are kept and stored

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limit state
is a condition in which a structure or component is judged either to be no longer useful for its intended function or to be unsafe

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serviceability limit state

a condition in which a structure or component is judged to be no longer useful for its intended function

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strength limit state

is a condition in which a structure or component is judged to be unsafe

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live load
loads produced by the use and occupancy of the building or other structure and do not include dead load, construction load, or environmental load such as wind load, snow load, rain load, earthquake load or flood load

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loads
forces or other actions that result from the weight of all building materials, occupants and their possessions, environmental effects, differential movements, and restrained dimensional changes

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 done! :)
June 2008 for more reviewers go to:
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