NOTATIONS

FOLLOWING NOTATIONS SHOULD BE FOLLOWED WHILE NAMEING DIFFERENT VIEWS IN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS. OBJECT ITS TOP VIEW ITS FRONT VIEW ITS SIDE VIEW POINT A a a a LINE AB ab a b a b

VP
2nd Quad. 1ST Quad.

Observer

X Y
X

HP

3rd Quad.

4th Quad.

THIS QUADRANT PATTERN, IF OBSERVED ALONG X-Y LINE ( IN RED ARROW DIRECTION) WILL EXACTLY APPEAR AS SHOWN ON RIGHT SIDE AND HENCE, IT IS FURTHER USED TO UNDERSTAND ILLUSTRATION PROPERLLY.

Point A is Placed In different quadrants and its Fv & Tv are brought in same plane for Observer to see clearly. Fv is visible as t is a view on VP. But as Tv is a view on Hp, t is rotated downward 900, n clockwise Direction (in 1st quadrant).The n front part of Hp comes below xy line.

POINT A IN 2ND QUADRANT A

VP a

VP a

POINT A IN 1ST QUADRANT A

a
HP HP
OBSERVER OBSERVER

a
HP
OBSERVER

HP

OBSERVER

The HP behind the Vp is also rotated clockwise, and herefore comes above the xy ine.

A POINT A IN 3RD QUADRANT VP

a a A POINT A IN 4TH QUADRANT

Observe and note the process.

VP

Convention: Horizontal plane is always rotated clockwise

PROJECTIONS OF A POINT IN THE 4 QUADRANTS

VP P HP PF PT HP PT PT: TOP VIEW POINT IN 1st QUADRANT HP VP VP P PF VP

HP
POINT IN 2nd QUADRANT

PF: FRONT VIEW

POINT IN 3rd QUADRANT

POINT IN 4th QUADRANT PT

HP

HP
VP PF P

HP

HP PT

VP

PF
4

VP

VP

How you will draw on the sheet

PF PT PF

x
PT

POINT IN 2nd QUADRANT

POINT IN 1st QUADRANT

PT

PT: TOP VIEW

x
PT PF

PF: FRONT VIEW

PF POINT IN 3rd QUADRANT

POINT IN 4th QUADRANT

PROJECTIONS OF A POINT IN FIRST QUADRANT.

POINT A ABOVE HP & INFRONT OF VP
For Tv

POINT A ABOVE HP & IN VP

For Tv

POINT A IN HP & INFRONT OF VP

For Tv

A
Y Y

A
Y

a a
X X

a A

ORTHOGRAPHIC PRESENTATIONS OF ALL ABOVE CASES. Fv above xy, Tv below xy. Fv above xy, Tv on xy. Fv on xy, Tv below xy.

VP a
X Y X

VP a a
Y X

VP

a HP HP HP

a
6

Projection of lines, planes, solids

Line consists of 2 points Plane consists of 3 or more points Solid consists of more than 3 points Therefore in order to project lines, planes and solids, we need to project their corresponding points and join them

PROJECTIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES.

AIM:- TO DRAW ITS PROJECTIONS - FV & TV. INFORMATION REGARDING A LINE: ITS LENGTH, POSITION OF ITS ENDS WITH HP & VP ITS INCLINATIONS WITH HP & VP SIMPLE CASES OF THE LINE 1. A VERTICAL LINE ( LINE PERPENDICULAR TO HP & // TO VP)

2.
3. 4. 5.

LINE PARALLEL TO BOTH HP & VP.

LINE INCLINED TO HP & PARALLEL TO VP. LINE INCLINED TO VP & PARALLEL TO HP. LINE INCLINED TO BOTH HP & VP.
8

For Tv

Orthographic Pattern
Note: Fv is a vertical line Showing True Length & Tv is a point. X

(Pictorial Presentation)
a A FV b

V.P.
Fv

1.

A Line perpendicular to Hp & // to Vp

b Y

Y B TV a b

Tv a b

H.P. Orthographic Pattern

(Pictorial Presentation)
2.
b B a A Y
For Tv

A Line // to Hp & // to Vp
X

Note: Fv & Tv both are // to xy & both show T. L. X

V.P.
a Fv b

Y a Tv

b a

H.P.
9

3.

True Length

b B a

Fv inclined to xy Tv parallel to xy.

V.P.
b a Y

A Line inclined to Hp and parallel to Vp

(Pictorial presentation)
X

Y A

X
b

T.V.

H.P.
Orthographic Projections

4.

Tv inclined to xy Fv parallel to xy.

b a A

V.P.
a Fv b

A Line inclined to Vp and parallel to Hp

(Pictorial presentation)

X a

Tv b

True Length

H.P.

10

For Tv
5.

For Tv

b
B

A Line inclined to both Hp and Vp (Pictorial presentation)

On removal of object i.e. Line AB Fv as a image on Vp. Tv as a image on Hp,
X

B
Y

a A
X

a A

T.V.

b
V.P.
b

T.V.

NOTE: and are NOT the true angles (inclinations) of the line with the planes
Orthographic Projections Fv is seen on Vp clearly.

FV a X Y Note These Facts:Both Fv & Tv are inclined to xy. (No view is parallel to xy) Both Fv & Tv are reduced lengths. (No view shows True Length) b
11

To see Tv clearly, HP is rotated 900 downwards,

Hence it comes below xy.

TV

H.P.

PROJECTIONS OF PLANES
A plane is a two-dimensional geometrical entity It has length and width but no thickness For practical purposes, a flat face of an object may be treated as a plane A plane which has limited extent (has fixed shape) is termed as a lamina

Information usually given: 1. Shape of the plane 2. Inclination of its surface with one of the reference planes 3. Inclination of one of its edges with the other reference plane will be given

12

CASE OF A RECTANGLE OBSERVE AND NOTE ALL STEPS. SURFACE PARALLEL TO HP

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION

SURFACE INCLINED TO HP
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION

ONE SMALL SIDE INCLINED TO VP

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION

ORTHOGRAPHIC TV-True Shape FV- Line // to xy

VP a b a b HP d c d c

ORTHOGRAPHIC FV- Inclined to XY TV- Reduced Shape

VP

ORTHOGRAPHIC FV- Apparent Shape TV-Previous Shape

VP d1 a1 b1 c1

a1 b1

d1

c1

HP

HP

C 13

Center lines
Drawn to indicate the axis of cylindrical, conical or spherical objects or details. Thin long chains composed of alternately long and short dashes.

Longer dashes are approximately 6 to 8 times the short dashes in length. Center of a circular curve is indicated by a cross made up of centerline chains.

14

FOR T.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW

L.H.SIDE VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

TOP VIEW

15

3rd. Angle projection

Top view

Front view

Right Side view

FOR T.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW

L.H.SIDE VIEW

TOP VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD

17