Al-Rasid A.

Abdul
Rice & Corn Coor.

Water
Raised
beds
Plastic
mulch
Trellis
Clip
Good plant care
Variety selection
Wind
Objectives:
1. Practice good sowing techniques and
raise good seedlings.
2. Grow cucurbit crops during off-season.
3. Grow solanaceous crops during off-season.
Cucurbits
Ampa-
laya
Cala
basa
upo
Water-
melon
Cucum-
ber
Musk
melon
Patola
Solanaceous
Hot
pepper
Sweet
pepper
Tomato
Eggplant
Seed to seedling
What is a hybrid seed?
1. Strong in field performance
2. Tolerant/ resistant
3. Early to mature
5. Uniform shape
4. High yielding
Can I extract seeds of hybrid
varieties and plant it?
not uniform fruits
late to harvest
more diseases
result to lower yield
Hybrid Watermelon SWEET 16
Early
65-70 DAT
1 to 2 fruits per plant
4-6 kg per fruit
High round with dark green stripes
Sweet & crispy
Hybrid Watermelon SWEET RUBY
Early
60-65 DAT
1 to 2 fruits per plant
4-6 kg per fruit
High round with dark green stripes
Sweet & deep red flesh
Hybrid Watermelon SWEET SEORITA
small fruited hybrid
60-65 DAT
1 to 2 fruits per plant
1-2 kg per fruit
High round with dark green stripes
Sweet & bright red flesh
Resistant to fruit cracking
Hybrid Ampalaya JADESTAR L
Medium green
45 DAT or 60 DAS
18 fruits per plant
30 cm long or 250 g per fruit
cylindrical
Moderately resistant to downy mildew
Hybrid Ampalaya GALAXY
Dark green
45 DAT or 60 DAS
15 fruits per plant
35 cm long or 600 g per fruit
Glossy and good shelf life
Moderately resistant to downy mildew
Hybrid Upo DALISAY
bright green
45 DAT or 55 DAS
10 fruits per plant
40 cm long
long & cylindrical
highly tolerant to virus
Hybrid Calabasa SUPREMA
highly tolerant to virus
70 to 80 DAT
3-4 fruits per plant
15 to 20 tons per hectare
flat round, uniform ridges
orange flesh & good stickiness
Hybrid Cucumber AMBASSADOR
early
40 DAT
5 fruits per plant
15 to 20 tons per hectare
smooth, uniform cylindrical
sweet & crispy
Hybrid Cucumber GREEN BERET
highly tolerant to virus & fungus
35- 40 DAT
20 cm long
6-8 fruits per plant
300 g per fruit
15 to 20 tons per hectare
good shelf life (7-9 days)
Hybrid Patola HERCULES
early
45 DAT or 55 DAS
10-15 fruits per plant
45 cm long per fruit
long,slender and angular
moderately resistant to downy mildew
Hybrid Eggplant CASINO
early
60-65 DAT
17-25 fruits per plant
24 cm long per fruit
cylindrical
deep purple color with good firmness
Hybrid Eggplant DOMINO
early
47 DAT
3-4 kg per plant
short & oblong
green & glossy
good storage
Hybrid Sweet Pepper BLESS
early
60-65 DAT
25-30 fruits per plant
35 g per fruit or 12 cm per fruit
conical, smooth and shiny
firm fruits with good storage
Hybrid Sweet Pepper MAJESTY
early
55 DAT
30-35 fruits per plant
30 g per fruit
conical, smooth and shiny
firm fruits with good storage
Hybrid Hot Pepper DJANGO
early
60-65 DAT
50-60 fruits per plant
10 grams & 10 cm per fruit
tapered,smooth
moderately resistant to Bacterial wilt
Hybrid Tomato MARIMAR
early
60-65 DAT
45-50 fruits per plant
35 grams per fruit or 6 cm per fruit
plum with slight neck
thick flesh and firm fruits
Hybrid Tomato DIAMANTE
early
50-55 DAT
40-50 fruits per plant
40-50 grams per fruit
high round
good heat tolerance
good storage
Availability of Water
Availability of Transportation
Not Slopping and have a proper
Irrigation and drainage system
Virgin Forest preferably loam/
sandy loam/ Soil analysis
Well-aerated
Good water retainer
No harmful solutes
Eggplant seedlings in peat moss
- Direct sowing
- Sowing in trays
- Sowing in beds
Advantages:
1. Uniform crop stand.
4. Easier management.
3. Lesser seed use.
2. Few missing hills.
5. Secured seedlings.
Maintain soil moisture
Fill up holes with soil
Check missing hills
Sow the seeds
Thin to one healthy plant
Soak seeds in clean water
Wash seeds with clean water
Air dry the seeds
Water the tray.
Put one seed per hole.
Cover lightly with soil.
Fill up clean tray with medium.
Place tray in a secured area.
Water regularly
Fertilize
Protect
Prevent stem elongation
Spray when needed
Cover with nets
Drench fungicide
Weed-free
Well-pulverized
Stakes & strings
Drainage & irrigation
Crop Between Between Planting Population Seed req't
furrows hills distance per ha per ha
Watermelon 5 0.50 2.5 x 0.5 80,000 500 g
Ampalaya 4 0.50 2.0 x 0.5 10,000 2000 g
Patola 4 2.00 2.0 x 2.0 2,500 500 g
Calabaza 4 2.00 2.0 x 2.0 2,500 500 g
Bed orientation for UPO
Bed orientation for PATOLA
Bed orientation for CALABAZA
Bed orientation for MUSKMELON
Important components
Raised beds
Plastic mulch
Good drainage
Advantages:
1. Control weeds
2. Control soil erosion
3. Control moisture loss
4. Control water-logging
E Grow seedlings first
E Solanaceous 3-4 weeks
E Cucurbits 10-12 days
E Late in the afternoon
E Water seedlings
E Push out seedlings lightly
E Drench fungicide
E Fill up plant holes
Why do we have to trellis?
1. Support the
plants from
winds and
typhoons.
2. Support the
fruits from
touching
the ground.
Why do we have to prune?
How are we going to do it?
What are the crops that needs pruning?
Soil analysis
General recommendation
Fertilizers available
FERTILIZATION

Recommended fertilizers:

E chicken dung
E complete(14-14-14- or 16-16-616)
E calcium nitrate(Ca=19%,N=14.5%)
E urea (46-0-0)
E solophos (0-18-0)
E borax (B O=36.5%, B=11.3%)
E ferrous sulfate (Fe=22.93%, S=13.44%)
E zinc sulfate (Zn=20%)
E muriate of potash (0-0-60)
E ammonium phosphate (16-20-0)
E Cucurbits are quite sensitive
to water stress.

E For ampalaya, do not wait longer
than 5-6 days.
E Always drain the canals when
heavy rain pours.
EIrrigate when necessary.
; Watermelon 65-70 DAT

; Ampalaya 45-50 DAT
; Calabaza 70-80 DAT
; Upo 45-55 DAT
; Cucumber 30-40 DAT
; Patola 45-55 DAT
; Muskmelon 50-65 DAT
Weed-free
Well-pulverized
Stakes & strings
Drainage & irrigation
E Start with a weed-free and well-pulverize soil.
E Make a field layout using stakes and strings.
E Follow the suggested spacing below for each crop:
Crop Between Between Planting Population Seed req't
furrows hills distance per ha per ha
Tomato 1.5 0.50 0.75 x 0.5 26,666 200 g
Eggplant 1.5 0.75 0.75 x .075 17,778 100 g
Hot pepper 1.5 0.50 0.75 x 0.5 26,666 300 g
Sweet pepper 1.5 0.50 0.75 x 0.5 26,666 300 g
Important components
Raised beds
Plastic mulch
Good drainage
Advantages:
1. Control weeds
2. Control soil erosion
3. Control moisture loss
4. Control water-logging
E Grow seedlings first
E Solanaceous 3-4 weeks
E Late in the afternoon
E Water seedlings
E Push out seedlings lightly
E Drench fungicide
E Fill up plant holes
Why do we have to trellis?
1. Support the
plants from
winds and
typhoons.
2. Support the
fruits from
touching
the ground.
Soil analysis
General recommendation
Fertilizers available
FERTILIZATION

Recommended fertilizers:

E chicken dung
E complete(14-14-14- or 16-16-616)
E calcium nitrate(Ca=19%,N=14.5%)
E urea (46-0-0)
E solophos (0-18-0)
E borax (B2O3=36.5%, B=11.3%)
E ferrous sulfate (Fe=22.93%, S=13.44%)
E zinc sulfate (Zn=20%)
E muriate of potash (0-0-60)
E ammonium phosphate (16-20-0)
E Solanaceous are also sensitive
to water stress.

E For tomato, do not wait longer
than 5-6 days.
E Always drain the canals when
heavy rain pours.
EIrrigate when necessary.
Eggplant 60-65 DAT
Sweet pepper 60-65 DAT
Tomato 55-65 DAT
Hot pepper 50-65 DAT
PRINCIPLES OF PEST
MANAGEMENT


Biological control
Chemical control
Use of Pheromones
Physical control
Cultural control
Host Plant Resistance
BENEFICIAL INSECT
PARASITOID
TRICHOGRAMMA
BENEFICIAL INSECT
PARASITOID
WASP
BENEFICIAL INSECT
PREDATOR

BEETLE
BENEFICIAL INSECT
PREDATOR

SPIDER
BENEFICIAL INSECT
PREDATOR

SYRPHID FLY
BENEFICIAL INSECT
PREDATOR

MINUTE PIRATE BUG
BENEFICIAL INSECT
PREDATOR

GROUND BEETLE
BENEFICIAL INSECT
PREDATOR

BIG-EYED BUG
BENEFICIAL INSECT
PREDATOR

TACHINID FLY
BENEFICIAL INSECT
PREDATOR

LACEWING
BENEFICIAL INSECTS
PREDATORS/PARASITOIDS

BEETLE TACHINID FLY SPIDER
LACEWING
BIG-EYED BUG
GROUND BEETLE WASP MINUTE PIRATE BUG
SYRPHID FLY TRICHOGRAMMA
BIOLOGICAL INSECTICIDES
XENTARI (BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS)
OTHER COMMERCIALY
BIOINSECTICIDES:

DIPEL
HALT

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
BOTANICAL/PLANT EXTRACTS


BIONATURE & BIONEEM
CULTURAL CONTROL
Plant spacing
Flooding
Deep plowing
Trap Crop
Crop sanitation
Etc.

CULTURAL PRACTICE
EXPOSURE TO SUNLIGHT
CULTURAL PRACTICE
MULCHING WITH RICE STRAW
CULTURAL PRACTICE
MULCHING WITH PLASTIC
CULTURAL PRACTICE
WRAPPING/BAGGING
PHYSICAL CONTROL
HAND PICKING OF LARVAE
CULTURAL CONTROL
REMOVAL OF DAMAGE SHOOTS AND FRUITS
CULTURAL/PHYSICAL
CONTROL
YELLOW STICKY BOARD TRAP
LIGHT TRAP
HORTANOVA GREENHOUSE
PROTECTED GREENHOUSE BY EWSC
ATTRACTANT/PHEROMONES
SAMPLE ATTRACTANTS
Cuelure
Methyl Eugenol
Zorgen
CHEMICAL/PESTICIDES
CONTROL
Molluscide
Fungicide
Herbicide
Rodenticide
Insecticide
Nematicide
INSECTICIDES ACT AS:
Systemic
Contact
Stomach
Non-Systemic
Respiratory

CHEMICAL INSECTICIDES
ACTARA, DIMOTRIN,
PROVADO SUPRA, LEBAYCID
LABEL
CHEMICAL FUNGICIDES
DITHANE M-45, SCORE, BENLATE
CHEMICAL PESTICIDES
BRAND NAME A.I COMPANY FLAG
AMMO cypermethrin Du-pont green

BUGBUSTER cypermethrin Leads Agri green

CYMBUSH cypermethrin Jardine green
Specific Pest and
Diseases



MGA INSEKTONG PESTE NG

AMPALAYA

PAKWAN
KALABASA
Fruitfly
SYMPTOMS
Necrosis around the
puncture mark is
visible.
Fruits turns to yellow
and rot.

MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
Field sanitation
Wrapping of fruits.
Use of pheromones (attractants)
Application of insecticides (e.g
dimethoate, fenthion and diazinon)

Aphids
SYMPTOMS
Yellowing of the leaves
Stunted plants.
Downward curling of
leaves
Presence of black sooty
mold.

MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
Use of tolerant varieties.
Pruning of heavily affected leaves.
Use of yellow sticky traps.
Spraying with soap solution.
Spraying with botanical pesticides
(neem, kakawate, ginger, garlic
extracts).
Spraying with malathion, carbaryl and
methomyl.

Leaffolder
SYMPTOMS
Skeletonize leaves
Folded leaves
Larvae feeds on the
fruit but not bore
inside.

MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
Use of resistant/tolerant varieties.
Collection of larvae and folded leaves.
Spraying with contact and stomach
insecticides like triazophos,
betacypermethrin and tebufenozide.

Fruit worm
SYMPTOMS
Partially healed holes on
fruit
Fruits colored yellow
when larvae are inside.
Feeding holes on leaves
when attack by older
larva.
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
Collection of damaged fruits.
Spraying with lamda-cyhalothrin,
cyfluthrin & deltamethrin.

PHOTO SOURCE : AVRDC
Leaf-footed bug
SYMPTOMS
Feeding on the young fruits
have punctures/marks
surrounded by a darkened area
of a dead tissue.
Causes distortion as the fruit
matures.
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
Field sanitation
Crop rotation
Insecticide sprays of profenofos,
carbaryl, triazophos and diazinon.

Leaf miner
SYMPTOMS
Mining on leaf.
Deterioration of
leaves if severely
infected.
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
Use of tolerant varieties.
Use of yellow sticky traps.
Prune heavily affected and
matured leaves.
Spraying with insecticides
preferably in the morning with
profenofos, cyromazine & acephate.
PHOTO SOURCE : CPC 1998
Thrips SYMPTOMS
Leaves curled upward and
distorted.
Adults and larvae feeds by
scraping the leaf tissue.
Bronzing and brittle leaves
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
Use of tolerant varieties.
Use of yellow and blue sticky traps.
Use of overhead irrigation.
Insecticide spraying of methiocarb,
methomyl & fifronil.
PHOTO SOURCE : AVRDC
PHOTO SOURCE : AVRDC
Cucurbit beetle
SYMPTOMS
Circular feeding
marks on the
leaves.
Rottened roots
due to larval
feeding.
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
Cultivation destroy pupation in the soil.
Collection with the use of insect net
early in the morning.
Application of ash on leaves to control
adult.
Insecticide application of carbaryl,
fifronil & methomyl.


MGA INSEKTONG PESTE NG

TALONG

KAMATIS
SILI
Shoot and
Fruitborer
SYMPTOMS
Wilted shoots
Small-darkened holes
on fruits and young
stems.
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
Use of resistant/tolerant varieties.
Removal of damaged shoots and
fruits.
Field sanitation.
Insecticide spraying of triazophos,
imidacloprid & methomyl.
PHOTO SOURCE : CPC 1998
Leafhopper
SYMPTOMS
Yellowing of the
leaves.
Crinkling and
upward curling.
Stunted growth
of the plants.
Hopperburn of
the leaves.
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
Use of tolerant varieties.
Pruning of old and damage leaves.
Insecticide application of BPMC,
abamectin & fifronil.
Red spider mites
SYMPTOMS
Bronzing of the
leaves.
Whole plant loose
color from green to
yellow.
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
Pruning of old and damage leaves.
Spray with soap solution.
Insecticide application of formetanate
HCL, methiocarb & triazophos.
PHOTO SOURCE : CPC 1998
Common cutworm
SYMPTOMS
Cutted seedlings
Skeletonize leaves
Chewed holes are present
on the leaves.
Large hole on fruits are
present.
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
Hand picking of the larvae.
Use of mulching to prevent pupation in
the soil.
Water management.
Elimination of weeds
Insecticide spraying of lamda-
cyhalothrin, tebufenozide,BPMC &
methomyl.
Insecticide application of formetanate
HCL, methiocarb & triazophos.

PHOTO SOURCE : CPC 1998
BROAD MITE
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
Pruning of old and damaged leaves.
Smudging or smoking using rice
straw, rice hull or saw dust could lessen
the mites population.
Spraying of botanical insecticides like
hot pepper, neem or kakawate extracts
could alternate to insecticide sprays.
Insecticide application of formetanate
HCL, methiocarb & triazophos.

SYMPTOMS
Younger leaves are cupped
dowmward and narrower
than normal.
Areas between veins are
brownish, dried out and
brittle in severe cases.
PHOTO SOURCE : AVRDC
PHOTO SOURCE : AVRDC
APHIDS
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
Use of tolerant varieties.
Pruning of heavily affected leaves.
Use of yellow sticky traps.
Spraying with soap solution.
Spraying with botanical pesticides
(neem, kakawate, ginger, garlic
extracts).
Spraying with malathion, carbaryl and
methomyl.

SYMPTOMS
Plants become stunted and
stem becomes twisted.
Curled leaves are present
when the population is high.
Presence of black sooty
molds are visible.
Common cutworm
SYMPTOMS
Cutted seedlings
Skeletonize leaves
Chewed holes are present
on the leaves.
Large hole on fruits are
present.
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
Hand picking of the larvae.
Use of mulching to prevent pupation in
the soil.
Water management.
Elimination of weeds
Insecticide spraying of lamda-
cyhalothrin, tebufenozide,BPMC &
methomyl.
PHOTO SOURCE : CPC 1998
Common cutworm
SYMPTOMS
Cutted seedlings
Skeletonize leaves
Chewed holes are present
on the leaves.
Large hole on fruits are
present.
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
Hand picking of the larvae.
Use of mulching to prevent pupation in
the soil.
Water management.
Elimination of weeds
Insecticide spraying of lamda-
cyhalothrin, tebufenozide,BPMC &
methomyl.
Fruitworm
SYMPTOMS
Partially healed holes on
fruit
Fruits colored yellow
when larvae are inside.
Feeding holes on leaves
when attack by older
larva.
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
Crop rotations can help minimize the
pests levels.
Remove all affected and rotting fruits.
Insecticides such as lamda-cyhalothrin,
cyfluthrin, deltamethrin & fenvalerate can
be used.

P H O T O S O U R C E : A V R D C
Whitefly
SYMPTOMS
Heavy feeding
causes mottled
leaves.
Vector of viruses
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
Use of tolerant varieties.
Use of yellow sticky traps.
Eliminate weeds.
Insecticide application of
imidacloprid, cartap hydrochloride,
methiocarb & buprofezin.
P H O T O S O U R C E : C P C 1 9 9 8
28 spotted ladybird beetle
SYMPTOMS
Leaf tissue is eaten
between the veins.
Skeletonized leaves
usually dry-out.
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
Hand picking of the larvae.
Insecticide spraying of carbaryl,
fifronil & methomyl.
INSECT VECTORS OF DIFFERENT
VIRUSES
leafhopper
whitefly
aphids
thrips
identification
control and management
What is a plant disease?
Any malfunctioning/abnormality
of the plants cells and tissues
that is caused by the continuous
irritation by a pathogenic agent
or environment leading to
development of symptoms
Disease Symptoms
Wilting
Leaf spots Fruit Rot
Fruit spots
Mosaic
Yellowing
What causes plant diseases?
High/Low temperatures
High/Low Soil Moisture
High/Low Light Intensity
Nutrient Toxicity/Deficiency
Chemical Toxicity
High/Los Soil pH
Fungi
Bacteria
Viruses
Nematodes
Phytoplasma
Non-Living Factors
Living Organisms
Plant
Diseases
THE DISEASE TRIANGLE
Susceptible Host
PARASITIC CAUSES OF
PLANT DISEASES
Fungi
small, generally microscopic
eukaryotic, usually filamentous,
branched, spore-bearing
organisms that lack chlorophyll
most are saprophytic (they live
on dead organic matter)
>10,000 species can cause
diseases in plants
Photo Source: AICAF (Japan)
PARASITIC CAUSES OF
PLANT DISEASES
Bacteria
microscopic organisms that are
generally single-celled
can survive on crop residue,
seed tubers, volunteer plants, in
the soil or in water
can be spread mechanically or
through water, insects or
through infected planting
materials
Photo Source: AICAF (Japan)
PARASITIC CAUSES OF
PLANT DISEASES
Photo Source: AICAF (Japan)
Viruses
very tiny molecules - seen only
through electron microscope
depend on other organisms for
their survival and reproduction
they can cause dwarfing,
yellowing, curling, mottling,
overgrowths, etc.
OTHER PARASITIC CAUSES
OF PLANT DISEASES
nematodes
mycoplasma/phytoplasma
viroids
Fungi
Wind, splashing water, humans,
animals, tools and equipment
Bacteria
Irrigation, splashing water, humans,
animals, tools and equipment
Nematodes
Irrigation, humans, animals, tools
and equipment
Viruses
Insects, tools
Phytoplasma
Insects, tools
Spread of Diseases Caused by
Parasitic Agents
What are the consequences of
plant diseases?
Make plants less productive
eg - Plants less vigorous
- Poor root system
Cause non-marketable fruits
eg - Rotten fruits
- Deformed fruits
- Spots on fruits
Kill Plants
eg - Wilting
Lower
Yield
or
No
Yield
Principles of Pest and Disease
Management
Host plant resistance - use of resistant
varieties
Biological control - use of natural enemies
Cultural control - agronomic practices
Physical control - heating, collection, fences
Use of pheromones - use of substances as
attractants
IMPORTANT DISEASES OF
SELECTED VEGETABLE
CROPS
TOMATO
Tomato Yellow Leaf
Curl Virus (TYLCV)
Symptoms
leaf curling, twisting,
dwarfism, interveinal
yellowing
white fly (Bemisia tabaci)
transmits the virus in a
persistent manner
Control and Management
sanitation and early removal
of infected plants
control whitefly population
using traps and/or
insecticides
Photo Source: EW-PH
TOMATO
Tobacco Mosaic Virus
(TMV)
Symptoms & Characteristics
mosaic on leaves and narrowing
of leaf tips
occasionally wilting of stems
and leaves and necrosis on
fruits
transmitted by seeds, by soil
through debris of infected
plants, and mechanically
Control and Management
sanitation and early removal
of infected plants
disinfect farm tools and avoid
smoking in the field
Photo Source: AICAF
TOMATO
Cucumber Mosaic
Virus (CMV)
Symptoms & Characteristics
mosaic on leaves and
sometimes filiform leaves
necrosis on the stems and
leaves
necrosis and sunscald on the
fruits
wide host range
not transmitted in the seeds but
transmitted by aphids
Control and Management
sanitation and early removal
of infected plants
control aphid population
using insect traps and use of
insecticides
Photo Source: AICAF
TOMATO
Tomato Spotted Wilt
Virus (TSPWV)
Symptoms & Characteristics
yellowing of leaves and wilt of
leaf tips followed by brown
necrotic lesions on leaves and
necrotic streaks on stems and
petioles
fruits are distorted with
irregularly raised necrotic
lesions
wide host range (legumes, other
solanaceous crops)
transmitted by thrips but not
transmitted in the seeds
Control and Management
sanitation and early removal
of infected plants
control thrips population
using insect traps and use of
insecticides
Photo Source: AICAF
TOMATO Bacterial Wilt
Symptoms &
Characteristics
wilting of whole plants that
normally start with the shoot
apex
browning of the vascular
strands of the basal part of
stem
presence of grayish or
whitish bacterial exudate
(ooze)
Control and Management
crop rotation
use of resistant variety (e.g.
Diamante)
use of resistant rootstock in
grafted seedlings
Ralstonia solanacearum
TOMATO
Bacterial Soft Rot
Symptoms &
Characteristics
leaf margins become
dehydrated with yellowing
surface of infected petioles
becomes dark brown
dark to blackish brown water-
soaked lesions
infected roots become soft
and then rot
High temperature and high
humidity favors disease
development
Control and Management
crop rotation
good soil drainage
spraying with copper-based
compounds can minimize
infection
Erwinia carotovora subsp.
carotovora
Photo Source: AICAF
TOMATO
Bacterial Spot
Symptoms &
Characteristics
initial symptoms consist of
dark brown circular to
irregularly shaped small
spots (leaves) and yellowing
of leaf margins
fruits - water-soaked brwon
dots that develop into scabby
spots slightly raised in the
center
Control and Management
seed disinfection/heat
treatment of seeds
application/spraying with
copper-based compounds
Xanthomonas campestris pv.
vesicatoria
TOMATO
Pith Necrosis
Symptoms &
Characteristics
infected pith shows browning
necrosis and sometimes
cavity is formed
adventitious root develop in
the lower part of stem
browning of vascular bundes
and presence of bacterial
exudate (ooze)
low temperature and high
humidity favors disease devt
Control and Management
removal of infected plants
use of healthy soil during
seedling establishment
Pseudomonas corrugata
Photo Source: AICAF
TOMATO
Late Blight
Symptoms &
Characteristics
leaves, stems, fruits and
roots are affected
initially water-soaked
irregular lesions on leaf
becoming dark gray
slightly sunken, dark gray
irregular lesions develop on
the fruit that eventually rot
prevalent during the rainy
season in cool and humid
environments
Control and Management
application of fungicides
avoid disbudding and
defoliation when it rains
Phythophthora infestans
Photo Source: AICAF
TOMATO
Early Blight
Symptoms &
Characteristics
initially, dark-gray and water-
soaked leaf lesions that
eventually develop into large
greenish gray round to
ellipsoidal spots with
concentric zonations
later, velvety molds appear on
the lesions
disease development is
enhanced under hot and dry
conditions
Control and Management
early removal of infected
leaves
spraying with fungicides
Alternaria solani
Photo Source: AICAF
TOMATO
Fusarium Wilt
Symptoms &
Characteristics
initially, lower leaves show
wilting and yellowing
later, yellowing develops at
the upper leaves and
eventually whole plant wilt
and dies
roots show severe browning
and decay
occurs under cool conditions
seed transmission occurs
Control and Management
crop rotation
use of resistant varieties
disinfection of beds by solar
radiation
Fusarium oxysporum
Photo Source: AICAF
TOMATO
Powdery Mildew
Symptoms &
Characteristics
occurrence of powdery white
mold on the upper surface of
leaves
leaf lesions are reddish
brown on the lower surface of
leaves and yellow on the
upper surface with small
amount of white mold (for L.
taurica)
Control and Management
good sanitation and crop
rotation
spraying with chemical
fungicides
Erysiphe cichoracearum
Leveillula taurica
Photo Source: AICAF
TOMATO
Leaf Mold
Symptoms &
Characteristics
upper leaf - pale yellow spots
lower leaf - velvety grayish
yellow to greenish brown
mold
disease spreads from lower
leaves to the upper foliage
disease is enhance at temp of
20-25
o
C and under high
humidity conditions
Control and Management
avoid dense planting especially
during rainy months
appropriate fertilization and
watering
chemical fungicides spray
Cladosporium fulvum
Photo Source: AICAF
EGGPLANT
Cucumber Mosaic
Virus (CMV)
Symptoms &
Characteristics
distinct mosaic or yellow
mottling mosaic on 2-3 leaves
close to the growing point
sometimes fruit becomes
hard and tuberculate and
pericarp browning can occur
wide host range including
some weed species
mainly transmitted by aphids
but not seed-transmitted
Control and Management
good field sanitation
control aphid population using
insect traps or chemical
insecticidal sprays in case of
high aphid population
Photo Source: AICAF
EGGPLANT
Eggplant Yellow
Mosaic Virus (EYMV)
Symptoms &
Characteristics
irregular chlorotic spots
along small leaf veins (initial
symptoms)
subsequently, bright yellow
mosaic and infected plants
are usually stunted
transmitted by whitefly
(Bemisia tabaci) and also
transmitted by sap
not seed-transmitted
Control and Management
good field sanitation
control aphid population using
insect traps or chemical
insecticidal sprays in case of
high aphid population
Photo Source: AICAF
EGGPLANT
Bacterial Wilt
Symptoms &
Characteristics
wilting starts on few
branches and then spread to
the whole plant and plant
eventually dies
browning appears on the
lateral roots at the early stage
of infection and then spread
to all roots
creamy white bacterial
exudate oozes out from the
cut end of infected stems
Control and Management
crop rotation and good cultural
management
use of resistant varieties or use
of seedlings grafted to resistant
rootstocks
Photo Source: AICAF
Ralstonia solanacearum
EGGPLANT
Brown Spot
Symptoms & Characteristics
could infect leaves, stems and
fruits
leaves - brown, round or
irregular and concentric zonate
lesions with visible small black
specks (pycnidia)
stems- brown and long sunken
lesions
fruits - brown, round and zonate
sunken lesions
seed transmitted
disease occurs at higher T
during the rainy season
Control and Management
good cultural management and
early removal of infected plant
parts or infected plants
use of chemical fungicides
Phomopsis vexans
Photo Source: AICAF
EGGPLANT
Leaf Mold
Symptoms &
Characteristics
leaves - round or irregular
and grayish brwon lesions
are formed on the lower
surface
small pale yellowish spots
occur on the upper leaf
surface
Control and Management
good cultural management and
early removal of infected plant
parts or infected plants
use of chemical fungicides
Mycovellosiella nattrassii
Photo Source: AICAF
EGGPLANT
Powdery Mildew
Symptoms &
Characteristics
white powdery lesions cover
the leaf surface
prevalent in arid areas when
the season is dry
obligate parasite and can
not be grown on an artificial
medium
Control and Management
good cultural management and
early removal of infected plant
parts or infected plants
use of chemical fungicides
Sphaerotheca fuliginea
Photo Source: AICAF
EGGPLANT
Fusarium Wilt
Symptoms &
Characteristics
initial symptoms - yellowing
of half of the lower leaf
yellowing gradually reaches
the upper leaves and to all
th leaves
infected leaves eventually
die and fall
seed transmitted
Control and Management
crop rotation
use of resistant varieties or use
of resistant rootstocks in
grafted seedlings
Fusarium oxysporum
Photo Source: AICAF
PEPPER
Cucumber Mosaic
Virus (CMV)
Symptoms &
Characteristics
leaves - mosaic symptoms
on top leaves
stems - slightly bent and the
plants are stunted
very wide host range
(includes cucurbits)
transmitted by aphids but
not seed transmitted
Control and Management
sanitation and early removal of
infected plants
control aphid population using
insect traps and use of
insecticides
Photo Source: AICAF
PEPPER
Tobacco Mosaic Virus
(TMV)
Symptoms &
Characteristics
leaves - yellowing and
distinct mosaic with uneven
surface
several strains exist
transmitted by seeds and by
contact (mechanical)
Control and Management
sanitation and early removal of
infected plants
disinfect farm tools
Photo Source: AICAF
PEPPER
Potato Virus X (PVX)
Symptoms &
Characteristics
necrotic streaks on the
foliate and petioles
occasionally, severe
necrosis on top leaves
transmitted mechanically by
contact
Control and Management
sanitation and early removal of
infected plants
disinfect farm tools
crop rotation (especially potato
fields)
Photo Source: AICAF
PEPPER
Tomato Spotted Wilt
Virus (TSWV)
Symptoms &
Characteristics
darkening and die back of
growing tips
necrosis of foliage, poor
growth and in some cases
the plant dies
wide host range
transmitted by thrips in a
persistent manner
Control and Management
sanitation and early removal of
infected plants or plant parts
control thrips population using
insect traps and use of
insecticides
Photo Source: AICAF
PEPPER
Bacterial Wilt
Ralstonia solanacearum
Symptoms &
Characteristics
wilting on few branches and
then spread to the whole
plant and plant eventually
dies
creamy white bacterial
exudate oozes out from the
cut end of infected stems Control and Management
crop rotation and good cultural
management
use of resistant varieties
PEPPER
Bacterial Soft Rot
Erwinia carotovora subsp.
carotovora
Symptoms &
Characteristics
occurs on fruits (mainly
unripen) and stems
lesions- yellowish brown to
yellowish white, water-soaked
in the margin and irregular in
shape
rotten fruits develop a foul
odor
stems- dark-brwon water-
soaked lesions
Control and Management
crop rotation
good soil drainage
spraying with copper-based
compounds can minimize
infection
Photo Source: AICAF
PEPPER
Bacterial Spot
Xanthomonas campestris pv.
vesicatoria
Symptoms &
Characteristics
similar to bacterial spot in
tomato
affects stems, leaves,
petioles and peduncles
lesions - dark brown with
slightly raised margins and
are brown in the center
petioles and peduncles -
water-soaked streaks
could be seed transmitted
and soil-borne
Control and Management
crop rotation
use of copper wettable
powder (fungicides)
PEPPER
Phythophthora Blight
Phythopthora capsici
Symptoms &
Characteristics
occurs under high T
conditions with excessive
soil moisture
can infect leaves, stems and
fruits
lesions - dark green to dark-
brown water-soaked which
are irregular
young seedlings - could wilt
and die
Control and Management
crop rotation
use of fungicides
avoid use of furrow irrigation
when heavy infection occurs
Photo Source: AICAF
PEPPER
Anthracnose

Symptoms &
Characteristics
generally occurs at the
ripening stage of chili fruits
especially with a prolonged
humid conditions
symptoms include brown and
slightly sunken lesions and
concentric small spots
Control and Management
crop rotation
use of fungicides
Photo Source: AICAF
Glomerella piperata
Glomerella cingulata
PEPPER
Cercospora leaf spot

Symptoms &
Characteristics
affects leaves, petioles,
peduncles and stems
lesions are pale brown to
brwon in the margin and
grayish white in the center
severely affected leaves show
yellowing and then fall
High humidity conditions
favor disease development
Control and Management
crop rotation
use of fungicides (copper-
based and benomyl)
Cercospora capsici
Photo Source: AICAF
Ampalaya
Cercospora Leaf Spot
Symptoms &
Characteristics
lesions mainly occur on the
leaves
initially yellowing spots occur
and circular gray to whitish
spots appear at the center
Control and Management
good field sanitation
use of fungicides
Ampalaya/
Cucumber/Patola/
Muskmelon
Downy Mildew
Pseudoperonospora cubensis
Symptoms & Characteristics
symptoms appear on the leaves
initially pale yellow lesions not
so angular compared to
cucumber, patola and
muskmelon
lesions turn purplish gray in
advanced stages
an obligate parasite and
therefore can not grow on an
artificial medium
low T and high humidity favors
disease devt
Control and Management
good field sanitation
use of fungicides
use of resistant or tolerant
varieties
Ampalaya
Fusarium Wilt
Fusarium oxysporum
f.sp. cucumerinum
f.sp. melonis
f.sp. niveum
f.sp. luffae
f.sp. lagenaria
Symptoms &
Characteristics
initially wilting occurs at the
lower leaves and eventually
the whole plant wilts or die
roots become pale gray and
decay
show distinct physiological
speciation (different races)
Control and Management
crop rotation
use of resistant or tolerant
varieties or resistant
rootstocks
Ampalaya
Bacterial Wilt
Ralstonia solanacearum
Symptoms &
Characteristics
wilting on few branches and
then spread to the whole
plant and plant eventually
dies
creamy white bacterial
exudate oozes out from the
cut end of infected stems
Control and Management
crop rotation and good cultural
management
use of resistant varieties(?)
Ampalaya
Namamarako
Unknown cause
Symptoms &
Characteristics
virus-like symptoms
leaves are thickened
with plastic appearance
significant reduction of
female flowers and
even male flowers
severe infection can
cause stunting
Control and Management
crop rotation coupled with
good cultural management and
boron supplementation can
minimize infection
Watermelon/
Squash
Gummy Stem Blight
Symptoms &
Characteristics
lesions are gray to dark
gray that normally
starts in the leaf edges
lesions are usually
wedged or V-shape in
appearance
seed-transmitted
Didymella bryoniae
Mycosphaerella melonis
Control and Management
good field sanitation
use of fungicides
Watermelon
Anthracnose
Symptoms &
Characteristics
slightly sunken, dark gray
circular lesions are produced
on the fruits
small black spots are formed
on the lesions which are
covered with a salmon-pinked
exudate under high humidity
conditions
transmitted through rainflash
and irrigation water
can also be seed-transmitted
Colletotrichum lagenarium
Control and Management
good cultural management
crop rotation
use of fungicides
Watermelon/
Squash
Zucchini Yellow
Mosaic Virus (ZYMV)
Symptoms &
Characteristics
leaves - initially yellow
spots or vein clearing
followed by distinct
mosaic, large lobation and
malformation
fruits - dark green warts
and malformation
not transmitted through
seeds but can be
transmitted by aphids
Control and Management
removal of infected plants
application of insecticides to
control aphids
Watermelon
Phytophthora rot
Symptoms &
Characteristics
leaves - large dark green
lesions
fruits - water-soaked
lesions with visible white
powdery mycelia under dry
conditions and white
cottony mold under high
humidity conditions
Control and Management
removal of infected plants
application of fungicides
Phytophthora melonis (cucumber)
P. nicotianae var. parasitica
(melon)
P. drechsleri (watermelon)
P. capsici (squash, cucumber,
melon, gourd, watermelon)
Squash Virus Complex
Papaya Ringspot Virus
(PRSV)
Squash Leaf Curl Virus
(SCLV)
Symptoms &
Characteristics
mottling/netting, vein
banding, cupping of leaves
leaf curling and leaf
deformation
Control and Management
removal of infected plants
control of white flies and
aphids through insectidal
sprays
HOST PLANT RESISTANCE/TOLERANCE
Tomato (Kamatis)
Hybrid Diamante Hybrid Marimar
Heat tolerant (off-season
adaptation)
Resistant to bacterial wilt
Moderately tolerant to
TYLCV (virus)
Off-season tomato for
low and mid-elevation
Moderately resistant to
bacterial wilt
Hybrid Suprema
Resistant to downy
mildew and powdery
mildew
Highly tolerant to
viruses (YLCV, CMV
and WMV-2)
High yielding with
medium-sized uniform
fruits
HOST PLANT RESISTANCE/TOLERANCE
Squash (Kalabasa)
Early maturing and
high yielding
suitable for year-round
cropping
glossy dark green color
fruits with long shelf
life
Hybrid Galaxy
HOST PLANT RESISTANCE/TOLERANCE
Bittergourd (Ampalaya)
Good field resistance
to bacterial wilt
early maturing and
high yielding variety for
all season adaptation
firm fruits with long
shelf-life
recommended for long
distance shipping
Hybrid Casino
HOST PLANT RESISTANCE/TOLERANCE
Eggplant (Talong)
Resistant to bacterial wilt
Highly tolerant to other foliage
diseases
Early maturing and high yield with
off-season adaptation
Hybrid Trinity
Good tolerance to bacterial wilt
Off-season adaptation and
good foliage cover
Early maturing and high
yielding
Hybrid Django
HOST PLANT RESISTANCE/TOLERANCE
Pepper (Sili)
Hybrid Sweet 16
Early maturing,
vigorous and prolific
variety
recommended for early
and off-season
cropping
high round fruits with
bright red, sweet and
crispy flesh
HOST PLANT RESISTANCE/TOLERANCE
Watermelon (Pakwan)
Protective / Contact: Outside protection
Systemic: Chemical enters plant