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EXTRACTION
Extraction is one of the most useful and widely used chemical seperation methods. There are two types of extraction process: Solid Liquid Extraction
There are many different types of equipment used for leaching. Most of these pieces of equipment fall into one of two categories:
The solvent is contacted with the solid in a continuous or batch method. This method is popular for in-place ore leaching or large scale "heap" leaching. Popular for extreme amounts of solids. The solids are usually crushed into small pieces before being contacted with solvents. This is a popular leaching method when an especially high recovery rate can economically justify the typically higher operating cost (Ex/ gold extraction)
Types of Equipments
Basic Steps
Typical liquid-liquid extraction operations utilize the differences in the solubilities of the components of a liquid mixture. The basic steps involved include:
1. Contacting the feed with the extraction solvent. 2. Separation of the resulting phases, and 3. Removal/recovery of solvent from each phase.
OILSEED PROCESSING
DECORTICATION
ROLLING
SIZE REDUCTION
CONDITIONING
EXTRACTION
Oilseed processing
Various small-scale techniques are available to enable people in rural areas to process their own oilseeds locally. Careful consideration is needed to select the system that will best suit the local circumstances. These circumstances include the scale of operation required, the availability of a power source, and a number of other factors. Some oilseeds have a hard outer shell which must be removed before processing. This process is called decortication. Palm kernel is an example of a seed that must be decorticated prior to processing. The extraction of oil from other oilseeds which can be processed without decorticating them first, such as sunflower, may be aided by removing a proportion of the hulls before processing.
Decortication
Seed cleaning
It is essential to winnow and sieve oilseeds, prior to expelling, to remove as much dirt, dust, sand and small stones as possible. The presence of sand results in high wear on critical components of expellers such as cages, wormshafts and chokes. Using clean oilseed for expelling will greatly increase the time that the expeller can be used before replacement parts are needed. Generally, small oilseeds (such as sesame or rapeseed) can be processed directly, while larger seeds (such as copra or shea nuts) need to be ground before processing. At the domestic level, grinding is usually carried out with a pestle and mortar (Plate I) while larger quantities may be ground in a village maize mill (Plate II). Hand-operated meat mincing machines can also be used in certain circumstances. The most common type of powered mill used for small-scale operations is the hammer mill.
Size reduction
Rolling
Rolling a seed generally results in an improvement in oil extraction by increasing the surface area of the seed while at the same time retaining channels for the flow of oil. The flakes should be very fine and preferably thinner than 0.1 mm. Rolling before processing in a bridge press is said to increase oil yields by 10% for palm kernel, groundnut and sunflower. Conditioning Oilseeds are nearly always conditioned before largescale expelling. Small-scale expellers minimize the need for pre-treatment by using a relatively fast wormshaft speed which shears the oilseed as it passes through the expeller and produces frictional heating within the expeller barrel. This assists oil expulsion by raising the temperature of the oilseed.
In wet extraction methods water is used to extract oil from oilseeds. The distinction should be made between wet methods and water-assisted methods of oil extraction. Wet extraction methods involve the use of a relatively large amount of water so that the oilseed is suspended in the water and the extracted oil floats on the surface.
WATER-ASSISTED METHODS
Involve the addition of a small quantity of water to the oilseed before the oil is extracted by manual kneading. These methods are discussed later. They are not classified as wet methods because all the water used is absorbed by the oilseed and no separate water layer is apparent.
scale oilseed processing techniques, such as those using expellers or ghanis, is its simplicity. The equipment required (pestle and mortar, boiling pans, etc.) is readily available. However, oil yields tend to be low and the process can be time consuming and arduous. This is especially true if traditional pestle and mortar methods are used to grind the oilseed kernel. If long boiling times are used, fuel consumption will also be high.
OIL EXPELLERS
Series of small scale oil expeller These small scale screw type oil expeller are advanced oil processing machinery, characterized by their high oil output rate with good quality, simple design, easy to use and continuous operation. They can use for various raw material, such as peanut, beans, rape and cotton seeds, sesame, olive, sunflower, coconut, grass seed etc
Oil expellers
Expellers are continuous in operation and work by grinding and pressing the raw material as it is carried through a barrel by a helical screw.The pressure inside the barrel, and hence the yield of oil, are adjusted using a choke ring at the outlet. The equipment has higher production rates than similar sized presses but is more expensive to buy and operate.
Manual presses
These presses are used in the rolling stage of the oil extraction. They help the extraction by widening the extraction surface area.
Bridge-type Cage press Scissor press Hydraulic press Ram press Ghani
Cage presses
Curb presses Bridge press
CURB PRESS
BRIDGE PRESS
SCISSOR PRESS
HYDRAULIC PRESS
RAM PRESS
POWER GHANI
Soap-making
GROUNDNUTS: The groundnut is an annual plant. Varieties are grown as two types, either as a bushy bunch or as a runner. Groundnuts grow in tropical and subtropical regions, and in warm parts of temperate regions.
OIL PALMS: The oil palm requires a rainy tropical climate begin to fruit after 10 years do not give a full crop for about 20 years
RAPSEED & MUSTERDSEED: Rape and mustard are similar species and for the purposes of this manual can be treated as one oilseed. Rape is one of the most widely cultivated oilseed crops
SUNFLOWER SEED: Sunflower is an annual plant that thrives in the tropics at medium and high elevations and, under suitable conditions, in temperate climates.
SOYA: The soyabean, or soybean, is an annual, and with the selection of the appropriate variety, can be grown in a wide range of conditions
tohumu Mustardseed: Hardal tohumu Linseed: Keten tohumu Cottonseed: pamuk tohumu
yerfst Castorseed: keneotu tohumu Sunflower: ayiei Copra: kurutulmu hindistan cevizi
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
% OIL
PALM
SESAM E
RAPESEED
M USTARD
COPRA
TEAM E
Asl Ik Mustafa Sekin Vasfi Gndodu Erdal Saz Gkhan Bulut