Hydrology

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Surface Water Hydrology

Definitions: Precipitation: Rain, Sleet, Hail, or Snow Evaporation: Transformation of water from liquid state to vapor state. Transpiration: Water vapor released by plant leaves, similar to breathing by animals and humans by breaking down nutrients to generate energy. You transpire when you run away from a mountain lion, or when you take the final exam.
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Surface Water Hydrology

Surface Runoff:

The water that runs off over the ground into streams and rivers. Base Flow: The water that seeps up into a stream from groundwater or water springs. Watershed or Basin: Is an area where the precipitation will shed into a stream.
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Units of Measurement
Precipitation:
mm/h (millimeter/hour), approximately 1 mm of water is equivalent to 10 mm of snow. How about wet snow in April? Stream Flow: m3/s (cubic meter/second). One m3= 1000 liters.
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Units of Measurement
Speed:
m/s (meter/second). You can also use the English System (Ft, Gallon, etc.). I will do my best not to use it because it is dumb, but if you have any questions I will help.

Stream Flow
Sources:
1. Direct Runoff 2. Groundwater exfiltration, or also called Base flow (opposite of infiltration)

What Happens to a Drop of Rain

1. Some of it will evaporate on the way
down, air temperature is a factor. 2. What is left will hit the ground, some will infiltrate, some will be trapped in puddles, and some will runoff to streams and rivers. Is a lake a large puddle?

How do Clouds Form?

1. Evaporation: Rain, Snow, Surface water,
Lakes, Oceans, etc. 2. Transpiration: Plants, animals, and wild humans.

What Causes the Hydrology Cycle?

Can you believe it is Solar Energy?
Solar Energy causes also wind. Wind increases the rate of evaporation, why? If you do not know the answer, ask Mr. Science in class, but be nice. Next we will see the processes.

What Causes the Hydrology Cycle?

The sun heat evaporates water, also creates differences in temperatures in air masses vertically and horizontally creating wind which will evaporate water. Animals exhale water vapor, plants exhale water vapor after sunset. The warm vapor cloud rises and moves with the wind. It hits a cool front, condensates into small droplets, the droplets get bigger and heavier and fall as rain, snow, or hail, some will evaporate while falling.
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What Causes the Hydrology Cycle?

Some of the precipitation will be trapped in puddles, some will evaporate, some will infiltrate the ground, and some will run off into steams.
GoTo the beginning of last slide. Now you learned a new word; GoTo, it is a statement in every programming language, you guessed it, it means go to.

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The Hydrologic Equation

This is not the Monster at the End of this Book! I am scared; Equation!

Ok, lets make it simple.

You have a piggy bank, and you put in $10 each day, take out $16 each week, how much money did you store in the bank after 28 days? If you replace the dollars with m3 of water, and the bank with a stream what will that be? Answer: The Hydrologic Equation.
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WATER DEMAND To design a water system, we need to

1. 2. 3.

know the future water demand, water supply, and per capita daily use. First, we need to forecast the population, using historical growth data. Population Growth versus Time can fit: Arithmetic (Linear) Growth Geometric Growth Growth at a declining rate of increase
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Population Forecast Equations

Pt P 0 Ka . t P 2 P1 Ka t ln P 0 Kg.t Pt e Kg

ln P 2 ln P1 t

1 Psat P 2 ln( ) t Psat P1 2 2 P 0 P1 P 2 P 1 ( P 0 P 2) Psat 2 P0 P2 P 1 Psat Pt b .t 1 a. e Kd a ( Psat P 0) P0 1 P 0( Psat P1) b ln[ ] n P1( Psat P 0)

Pt Psat ( Psat P 0). e

Kd .t

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DEFINITIONS P Is the saturation population, the

sat

maximum population when the growth rate reaches zero in a declining growth rate population. An example of a country with a declining growth rate is China, the population is still growing, but due to the policy of one child per couple, the annual rate of growth is declining.

Ka, Kg, Kd, a, b are assumed constants

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 Remember, when you calculate Psat, the

NOTES

time intervals between P0-P1, and P1-P2 have to be equal. In the Mathematical Logistic Curve Method, Equation 1.8 in the Text, t is the time from P0 to Pt. Equation 1.19 does not hold if the population is > 10,000 (multiplication by 0)
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Solved Problems Hydrology Text, Problem 1.1

11 .a 20000 12000 8000 Ka 320 1995 1970 25 P 2005 P1995 (2005 1995) * 320 23,200 11 .b Kg (20000 /12000)
(1/ 25)

102064 .

10 P 2005 20000 * 102064 . 24,534 11 .c 80000 20000 Kd (1 / 25) ln( ) 0.005 80000 12000 P 2005 80000 (80000 12000) * e 35*0.005 22,916

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Problem 1.3a Text

50000 45000 40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

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 Problem 1.5
7000000 g / d P 35 40000 175g / d / person Time 0 15yrs Pop ? 15000

35yrs 40000

Ln( P 35 / P15) Ln(40 / 15) Kg 0.049 35 15 20 P15 P 0. e

Kg .t 0.049 (15)

15000 P 0. e

2.08548 P 0

15000 P0 7193 2.08548

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 Problem 1.7
Psat P 0 284 9.6 a 28.6 P0 9.6 1 P 0( Psat P1) 1 9.6(284 76) b ln( ) ln( ) 0.02933 n P1( Psat P 0) 80 76(284 9.6) Psat Pt 1 a. e 0.02933*t t 2000 1830 170 years 284 284 P2000 237.6million 170 ( 0.02933) 1 28.6e 11954 .

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 1.9a

19.5 Kr 0.2124 918 . Pt 0.2124 *103.2 219 . thousand

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 1.9b
1910 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 .163 .177 .19 .199 .205 .209 .2124

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 1.9b
0.22

0.21

0.2

0.19

Series1

0.18

0.17

0.16 1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

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 1.9b

Pt 0215 . *1032 . 22.2thousand

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 1.11
180 . Max. Monthly 175( 0.1 ) 175 *128 . 224 gpcd 30 180 . Max.Weekly 175( 0.1 ) 175 *148 . 259 gpcd 7 Max. Daily 175 *180 . 315gpcd

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 1.13

Q 1020 100 (1 0.01 100 9180 gpm Duration, fromTable13 . Page16 10hours

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 1.15
WoodFrameArea 4 *100 *10.76sf / sm 4304 sf Q1 18C A 18 * 15 . * 4304 1771gpm NoncombustibleArea 6 * 90 * 10.76sf / sm 5810sf Q2 18 * 0.8 * 5810 1098 gpm Qtotal Q1 Q2 1771 1098 2869 gpm OrQtotal 2869 * 60 * 24 gpd

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 1.17
87,000,000 1. PerCapitaUsage 174 gpd 500,000 2. StreamFlow 6590 87 115 210 7002 Mgpd 7002 3. Ratio of Stream Flow to Waste Flow 34.7 87 115 4. Percent Treatment ( fig16 . page 19) = 12

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 1.17
In Year 2010 a. Population 11 . * 500,000 550,000 b.Water Re quirement 174 * 550,000 95.7 Mgpd Manufacturing Re quirement 115 . * 115 132.3 Mgpd a. Add . Energy / day 100 * 24 * 0.6 *1000 144 . MKWH 20 * 144 . * 106 b.Re q. ForPower (Table14 . ) 28.8 Mgpd 6 10 c. Total Power Re quirement 210 28.8 238.8 Mgpd Municipal Industrial 95.7 132.3 228 Mgpd StreamFlow 34.7 * 228 7912 Mgpd Dilution Re q 7912 228 238.8 7445.2 Mgpd
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