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Word-a minimum free form, a smallest unit of speech although many forms lie on the borderline between bound forms and words A lexical entry (lemma) can contain several lexemes or senses
Homonyms are morphologically unrelated senses of the same phonological/orthographic word (same pronunciation/spelling): a. homographs (same spelling eg. saw (n), saw (verb, past tense) and b. homophones (same pronunciation eg. no, know, rose (n), rose (verb, past tense))
Homomorphs (same morphological form but different syntactic function (eg. fast (Adj), fast (Adv))
Polysemy- multiple senses of the same phonological word Polysemous senses are listed under the same lexical entry p.64 Synonymy- different phonological words which have the same or very similar meanings True synonyms are rare, there are mostly near synonyms
Synonyms can have different connotations and can belong to different registers (styles of language that belong to different situations) eg. die, kick the bucket
Antonymy-opposites
Converses (terms which describe a relation between two entities from alternate viewpoints) eg. own/belong to, employer/employee)- part of the speakers semantic knowledge that can be arrived at through paraphrasing Taxonomy- classification system (eg. Monday-Sunday, numbers, colors etc.)
A hyponym includes the meaning of a more general word (eg. dog, cat hyponyms of animal) Also, male-female, adult-young relationships
Non-literal (figurative) meaningdeliberately talking in untrue or impossible terms in order to achieve special effects
Metaphor
Transferred meaning, not merely decorative features but an essential component of our cognition Metaphors involve:
Relies on an (actual, literal) association between two components within a single domain
Strategy of reference
Patterns of metonymy
a. b.
1. Container for the contained The kettles boiling. Room 44 wants a bottle of champagne. The car in front decided to turn right.
c.
2. Possessor for Possessed/Attribute Where are you parked? Shares fall 10% after Enron.
a. b.
a. b.
a.
4. Whole for Part (Synecdoche) I am going to fill up the car with gas. Do you need to use the bathroom?
b.
5. Part for Whole (Synecdoche) a. The are too many mouths to feed.
6. Place for institution (Synecdoche) The White House announced. The Kremlin said..
a. b.